Microbial Risks in Surface Water Sources
Doctoral thesis, 2011

Microbial risks need to be properly handled for the provision of healthy drinking water. The mitigation of pathogens in the water source lowers the risk for infection associated with nominal and suboptimal drinking water treatment. Several recent waterborne outbreaks have been related to point discharges of sewage in surface waters, involving pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites. Diffuse sources further contribute with faecal matter, although these are difficult to estimate compared to point discharges. As rainfall often results in pathogen peak concentrations in surface waters, the microbial levels during rainfall events need particular consideration. Different approaches have been used in this thesis to assess the microbial release from point and diffuse faecal sources in surface waters under dry and wet weather conditions. Wastewater discharges as a point source from the urban sewer systems along the River Göta älv were investigated, and several log-unit higher microbial loads were found in wet weather compared to dry weather. Results from a pathogen sampling program combined with quantitative microbial risk assessments indicated the highest infection risk for noroviruses and enteroviruses. The ability to close the river raw water intake for Gothenburg prevented pathogen peak concentrations from reaching the water treatment plants. To regulate this pathogen barrier, information on upstream discharge events, rainfall, indicator bacteria and turbidity was found more appropriate than the reliance on a single threshold value for E. coli. Bacteroidales human (BacH) and ruminant (BacR) genetic markers, targeting faecal matter from humans and ruminants, were quantified in water samples collected around the Lake Rådasjön. Positive correlations with cultivable faecal indicators in event samples provided support for the impact of human faecal matter from on-site sewers. The human and ruminant markers were detected in soil at several log-units lower levels compared to faecal matter. In microcosm trials, the inactivation of the genetic markers agreed with the faecal indicator bacteria and somatic coliphages, and decay coefficients were used in hydrodynamic modelling for the Lake Rådasjön. A Bayesian Monte Carlo approach including expert judgements on faecal sources was successfully applied to provide a reliability measure for findings of genetic markers at specific sampling sites.

Surface water

Bifidobacteria

Microbial source tracking

Cryptosporidium.

QMRA

Flow-weighted sampling

Pathogens

Bacteroidales

Stochastic modelling

qPCR

Sal VF, Sven Hultins gata 6, Göteborg
Opponent: Dr Ana Maria de Roda Husman, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Nederländerna

Author

Johan Åström

Chalmers, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology

DRICKS - Framework programme for drinking water research at Chalmers

Variability analysis of pathogen and indicator loads from urban sewer systems along a river

Water Science and Technology,;Vol. 59(2009)p. 203-212

Journal article

Identification and management of microbial contaminations in a surface drinking water source

Journal of Water and Health,;Vol. 5(2007)p. 67-79

Journal article

Vattenburna sjukdomsutbrott ger oss återkommande en påminnelse om betydelsen av hälsosäkert dricksvatten även i västvärlden. Världshälsoorganisationen WHO understryker att spridningen av smittämnen, såkallade patogener, måste hejdas redan innan dessa når vattenverken. Patogener kan härstamma från olika källor inom ett avrinningsområde, och man brukar skilja mellan punktutsläpp och diffusa utsläpp. Utsläpp från avloppsreningsverk och ledningsnät utgör exempel på det tidigare, medan strandnära betesmark utgör exempel på det senare. Häftiga regn kan innebära en kraftigt ökad spridning av patogener till ytvattentäkter, med en motsvarande förhöjd risk för dricksvattensmitta. Avhandlingen beskriver olika metoder för att bedöma spridningen av patogener i ytvattentäkter. Göta älv och Rådasjön utanför Göteborg har använts som fallstudieområden. Belastningen av bakterier, virus och parasiter från urbana områden längs Göta älv ökade kraftigt under våtväder. I synnerhet nödavledning innebar en betydande risk för virussmitta. Genom att analysera genetiska markörer från tarmbakterien Bacteroidales i vattenprov från Rådasjön kunde föroreningar härledas till människor och idisslare. Dessa genetiska markörer har ett inaktiveringsförlopp i vatten som liknar andra bakterier och virus, och källspårning med denna metod ger ett förbättrat informationsunderlag inför beslut om åtgärder jämfört med traditionella bedömningsmetoder.

Areas of Advance

Building Futures (2010-2018)

Subject Categories

Water Engineering

Other Environmental Engineering

Microbiology

Microbiology in the medical area

Probability Theory and Statistics

ISBN

978-91-7385-504-4

Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. Ny serie: 3185

Sal VF, Sven Hultins gata 6, Göteborg

Opponent: Dr Ana Maria de Roda Husman, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Nederländerna

More information

Created

10/7/2017