Bright polar mesospheric clouds formed by main engine exhaust from the space shuttle's final launch
Journal article, 2012
The space shuttle launched for the last time on 8 July 2011. As with most shuttle launches, the three main engines injected about 350 t of water vapor between 100 and 115 km off the east coast of the United States during its ascent to orbit. We follow the motion of this exhaust with a variety of satellite and ground-based data sets and find that (1) the shuttle water vapor plume spread out horizontally in all directions over a distance of 3000 to 4000 km in 18 h, (2) a portion of the plume reached northern Europe in 21 h to form polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) that are brighter than over 99% of all PMCs observed in that region, and (3) the observed altitude dependence of the particle size is reversed with larger particles above smaller particles. We use a one- dimensional cloud formation model initialized with predictions of a plume diffusion model to simulate the unusually bright PMCs. We find that eddy mixing can move the plume water vapor down to the mesopause near 90 km where ice particles can form. If the eddy diffusion coefficient is 400 to 1000 m(2)/s, the predicted integrated cloud brightness is in agreement with both satellite and ground-based observations of the shuttle PMCs. The propellant mass of the shuttle is about 20% of that from all vehicles launched during the northern 2011 PMC season. We suggest that the brightest PMC population near 70 degrees N is formed by space traffic exhaust.
design
odin satellite
instrument
ice
water-vapor
nlc
art.
Author
M. H. Stevens
Naval Research Laboratory
Stefan Lossow
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Chalmers, Earth and Space Sciences, Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling
J. Fiedler
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
G. Baumgarten
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
F. J. Lubken
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
K. Hallgren
Max Planck Society
Chalmers, Earth and Space Sciences
P. Hartogh
Max Planck Society
C. E. Randall
University of Colorado at Boulder
J. Lumpe
S. M. Bailey
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
R. Niciejewski
University of Michigan
R. R. Meier
George Mason University
J. M. C. Plane
University of Leeds
A. J. Kochenash
Computational Physics Inc.
Donal Murtagh
Chalmers, Earth and Space Sciences, Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling
C. R. Englert
Naval Research Laboratory
Journal of Geophysical Research
01480227 (ISSN) 21562202 (eISSN)
Vol. 117 19 Art. no. D19206- D19206Subject Categories
Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences
DOI
10.1029/2012JD017638