Designing out waste - Exploring barriers for material recirculation
Doctoral thesis, 2016

This doctoral thesis has investigated what hinders material recirculation in society, to later suggest possible ways to support material recirculation in the future. Since material recirculation is proposed as a way to use waste materials for new production, it was deemed relevant to investigate two separate case studies that enabled recirculation from production systems and waste management. These two case studies addressed the topics of designing with waste and sorting waste, presented in Topics 1 and 2, respectively. Additionally, a third topic was developed as a way of providing a broader context for the case studies. Given that it has been argued that waste is a design flaw and that there are many design strategies aimed at waste minimization, Topic 3 investigated specifically how design currently relates to material recirculation. Designing with waste proved to be a difficult endeavour, mainly due to the lack of a clear design brief and reliable information about secondary materials. Topic 1 resulted in a process diagram for how to design with waste, based on generic design process models. This process diagram is complemented with two earlier steps needed to design with waste: 1) Collect and sort the discarded material in an adequate manner, 2) Investigate and test secondary material's properties. Waste sorting is therefore a precondition to designing with waste. Improving the way waste materials are sorted and collected is a challenging task that has been broadly researched from several disciplines. It is a topic that couples behavioural and societal aspects that are difficult to explain, to complex technical solutions, resulting in a challenging complex socio-technical system. Topic 2 concludes that it is crucial to understand what service users deem as convenient infrastructure when designing waste collection systems. To better understand service users, user requirement elicitation methods that are commonly used in the design discipline might be useful to develop and improve waste sorting systems. Topic 3 concludes that design currently does not sufficiently support material recirculation. Although designers see and describe the effect their profession has on resource use and waste generation, in practice only a third of the consulted designers had actively used EoL considerations in their latest project. In order to aid designers in recirculating materials, Topic 3 presents two models: 1) A resource recovery route model, based on recirculation to different life-cycle stages, and 2) A model of ways in which designers can address resource conservation. The factors hindering material recirculation found in the three topics could be grouped into six main barriers. Material recirculation is complicated, it is a task with many steps, a variety of materials and several actors are involved. Since so many people are involved, acting by themselves, there is a lack of control over how materials flow through society. There is also a lack of communication among the different actors. As a result, the actions and responsibilities of the different actors are unclear. To know how to best use the discards, reliable information about the material properties is needed, but such information is often unavailable. Recirculating materials requires more time and effort than simply discarding them. These barriers seem to point to a lack of guidance and common vision around what material recirculation should mean for the different actors in society. To generate a common vision among the main stakeholders (i.e. producers, users and waste managers) policy regulations and collaborations that foster better understanding among the actors are suggested as possible ways forward.

waste sorting

sustainable development

Water

Waste

Urban

waste management

Resources

resource recovery

​Recycling

designing with waste

recycling

VDL, Chalmers tvärgata 4
Opponent: Maria Jose Zapata Campos, Department of Business Administration, University of Gothenburg

Author

Isabel Ordonez Pizarro

Chalmers, Product and Production Development, Design and Human Factors

Resource recovery from post-consumer waste: important lessons for the upcoming circular economy

Journal of Cleaner Production,; Vol. 134(2016)p. 342-353

Journal article

Designing from the dumpster : experiences of developing products using discards

International Journal of Sustainable Design,; Vol. 3(2017)p. 61-78

Journal article

Collaboration between design and waste management: Can it help close the material loop?

Resources, Conservation and Recycling,; Vol. 72(2013)p. 108-117

Journal article

Waste sorting in apartments: integrating the perspective of the user

Journal of Cleaner Production,; Vol. 106(2015)p. 669-679

Journal article

Designing with waste: Comparison of two practice-based education cases

18th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, E and PDE 2016, Aalborg, Denmark, 8-9 September 2016,; (2016)p. 152-157

Paper in proceeding

Ordóñez, I. and Rexfelt, O. Product End-of-Life : Are we designing away waste?

Rousta, K., Ordóñez, I., Bolton, K. and Dahlén, L. Support for the Design of Waste Sorting Systems: A mini-review.

Waste is material that is out of place. When found in nature it pollutes the environment and in cities it might cause people to become hurt or sick. It is a growing problem, since more people consuming more things will make more waste. Waste is also a lost opportunity as it could be used somewhere for something new. This thesis investigates why reusing waste to create something useful again is so difficult. This investigation was made in three parts; the first explored designing with waste, the second how to improve waste sorting and the third looked into how designers understand the effect they have on the waste problem.

Combining the different parts, this thesis identifies six major problems for society to recirculate materials. Recirculation of waste is complicated, it is a task with many steps, a variety of materials and several actors are involved. Since so many people are involved, acting by themselves, there is a lack of control over how materials flow through society. There is also a lack of communication among the different actors. As a result, the actions and responsibilities of the different actors are unclear. To know how to best use the discards, reliable information about the material properties is needed, but this is often unavailable. Recirculating materials requires more time and effort than simply discarding them.

Two ways of addressing these problems are suggested: Firstly, laws that support material recirculation should be made. Secondly, we need to work to have better understanding among the actors involved. Laws are needed to develop quality standards for recirculated materials, to create more transparency about what materials are used and to aim for the recirculation of all materials. Better understanding between the actors would allow for producers, users and waste managers to define a common ideal that they would want to work for together. Here, two key points are 1) to involve users as driving actors, rather than passive consumers, and 2) to use waste managers as material providers for producers, by having them work together. Designers can be facilitators that help connect producers, users and waste managers.

Driving Forces

Sustainable development

Subject Categories

Design

Infrastructure Engineering

Interaction Technologies

Areas of Advance

Building Futures (2010-2018)

Production

ISBN

978-91-7597-523-8

Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. Ny serie: 4204

Publisher

Chalmers

VDL, Chalmers tvärgata 4

Opponent: Maria Jose Zapata Campos, Department of Business Administration, University of Gothenburg

More information

Created

12/19/2016