Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Journal article, 2018
Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
Author
Rafael Lozano
University of Washington
Nancy Fullman
University of Washington
Degu Abate
Haramaya University
Solomon M. Abay
Cristiana Abbafati
Sapienza University of Rome
Nooshin Abbasi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hedayat Abbastabar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Foad Abd-Allah
Cairo University
Jemal Abdela
School of Pharmacy
Ahmed Abdelalim
Cairo University
Omar Abdel-Rahman
University of Calgary
Alireza Abdi
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery
Ibrahim Abdollahpour
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Nebiyu Dereje Abebe
School of Public Health
Zegeye Abebe
Human Nutrition Department
Ayenew Negesse Abejie
Debre Markos University
Semaw F. Abera
School of Public Health
Olifan Zewdie Abil
Wollega University
Victor Aboyans
Hopital Dupuytren
Haftom Niguse Abraha
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Aklilu Roba Abrham
Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar
Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh
Birzeit University
Gebre Y. Abyu
School of Nursing
Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi
Bénin Clinical Research Institute
Dilaram Acharya
Dongguk University
Pawan Acharya
Nepal Development Society
Abdu A Adamu
Stellenbosch University
Oladimeji M. Adebayo
University College Hospital
Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji
Olabisi Onabanjo University
Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin
Obafemi Awolowo University
Victor Adekanmbi
Cardiff University
Olatunji Adetokunboh
Stellenbosch University
Beyene Meressa Adhena
School of Public Health
Tara Ballav Adhikari
Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal
Mina G. Adib
Saint Mark Hospital
Arsène Kouablan Adou
Ivorian Association for Family Welfare
Jose C. Adsuar
Sport Science Department
Mohsen Afarideh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mahdi Afshari
Zabol University of Medical Sciences
Ashkan Afshin
University of Washington
Gina Agarwal
McMaster University
Sargis Aghasi Aghayan
Yerevan State University
Dominic Agius
Directorate for Health Information and Research
Anurag Agrawal
Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
Sutapa Agrawal
Public Health Foundation of India
Alireza Ahmadi
Mehdi Ahmadi
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Hamid Ahmadieh
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Jimma University
Sayem Ahmed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Temesgen Yihunie Akalu
Ali S. Akanda
University of Rhode Island
Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Mohammed Akibu
Debre Berhan University
Rufus Olusola Akinyemi
University of Ibadan
Tomi F. Akinyemiju
University of Kentucky
Nadia Akseer
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Fares Alahdab
Mayo Clinic
Ziyad Al-Aly
Washington University in St. Louis
Khurshid Alam
University of Western Australia
Tahiya Alam
University of Washington
Ammar Albujeer
Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care
Animut Alebel
Kefyalew Addis Alene
Institute of Public Health
Ayman Al-Eyadhy
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Samia Alhabib
King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital
Raghib Ali
New York University Abu Dhabi
Mehran Alijanzadeh
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center
Syed M. Aljunid
University of Kuwait
Ala'a Alkerwi
Luxembourg Institute of Health
François Alla
University of Bordeaux
Peter Allebeck
Karolinska Institutet
Christine Allen
University of Washington
Ali Almasi
Fatma Al-Maskari
United Arab Emirates University
Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
Medical Research Center
Jordi Alonso
Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute
Rajaa Al-Raddadi
King Abdulaziz University
Ubai Alsharif
Charité University Medicine Berlin
Khalid Altirkawi
King Saud University
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
University of Cartagena
Azmeraw T. Amare
Bahar Dar University
Kebede Amenu
College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture
Erfan Amini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Walid Ammar
Federal Ministry of Health
Nahla Anber
Faculty of Medicine
Jason A. Anderson
University of Washington
Catalina Liliana Andrei
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Sofia Androudi
University of Thessaly
Megbaru Debalkie Animut
Arba Minch University
Mina Anjomshoa
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hossein Ansari
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
Ansariadi Ansariadi
Hasanuddin University
Mustafa Geleto Ansha
Debre Berhan University
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
University of the Philippines Manila
Palwasha Anwari
Independent Consultant
Lambert Tetteh Appiah
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
Olatunde Aremu
Birmingham City University
Habtamu Abera Areri
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Johan Ärnlöv
Karolinska Institutet
Monika Arora
Health Promotion Division
Krishna Kumar Aryal
Abt Associates Nepal
Hamid Asayesh
School of Paramedical
Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw
Institute of Biomedical Science
Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
School of Pharmacy
Rana Jawad Asghar
South Asian Public Health Forum
Reza Assadi
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Zerihun Ataro
Suleman Atique
University of Lahore
Sachin R. Atre
Johns Hopkins University
Madhu S. Atteraya
Keimyung University
Marcel Ausloos
University Of Leicester
Leticia Avila-Burgos
Center for Health Systems Research
Euripide Frinel G. Arthur Avokpaho
Bénin Clinical Research Institute
Ashish Awasthi
Public Health Foundation of India
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
La Trobe University
Henok Tadesse Ayele
McGill University
Yohanes Ayele
School of Pharmacy
Rakesh Ayer
University of Tokyo
Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh
Western University
Peter S. Azzopardi
Australia Bahir Dar University
Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat
Directorate for Health Information and Research
Tesleem Kayode Babalola
Arefeh Babazadeh
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
Hamid Badali
Alaa Badawi
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Kalpana Balakrishnan
Canada Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Ayele Geleto Bali
School of Public Health
Maciej Banach
Medical University of Lodz
Amitava Banerjee
University College London (UCL)
Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub
Alexandria University
Amrit Banstola
Aleksandra Barac
Clinical Center of Serbia
Miguel A. Barboza
Dirección Actuarial
Suzanne L. Barker-Collo
University of Auckland
Till Bärnighausen
Heidelberg University
Lope H. Barrero
School of Engineering
Celine M. Barthelemy
University of Washington
Quique Bassat
University of Barcelona
Arindam Basu
University of Canterbury
Sanjay Basu
Stanford University
Robert J. Battista
Doctor Evidence
Bernhard T. Baune
Melbourne Medical School
Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes
University of Gondar
Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science
Neeraj Bedi
Jazan University
Ettore Beghi
Masoud Behzadifar
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Meysam Behzadifar
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Yannick Béjot
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon
Bayu Begashaw Bekele
Institute of Public Health
Abate Bekele Belachew
School of Public Health
Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay
Saba Abraham Belay
Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College
Yihalem Abebe Belay
Michelle L. Bell
Yale University
Aminu K. Bello
University of Alberta
Derrick A. Bennett
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Isabela M. Bensenor
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Habib Benzian
NYU Langone Health
Adugnaw Berhane
School of Public Health
Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe
Adigrat University
Adam E. Berman
Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
Eduardo Bernabe
King's College London
Robert S. Bernstein
Emory University
Gregory J. Bertolacci
University of Washington
Mircea Beuran
Emergency Hospital of Bucharest
Tina Beyranvand
Tehran
Neeraj Bhala
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham
Ashish Bhalla
Anil Bhansali
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Suraj Bhattarai
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Soumyadeep Bhaumik
The George Institute for Global Health
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Belete Biadgo
Molly H. Biehl
University of Washington
Ali Bijani
Health Research Institute
Boris Bikbov
Nigus Bililign
Woldia University
Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
Australian National University
Sait Mentes Birlik
University of Bologna
Charles Birungi
University College London (UCL)
Donal Bisanzio
Global Health Division
Tuhin Biswas
A T Still University
Helen Bitew
School of Pharmacy
Hailemichael Bizuneh
St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College
Espen Bjertness
University of Oslo
Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa
Jimma University
Soufiane Boufous
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Rupert Bourne
Anglia Ruskin University
Kayvan Bozorgmehr
University Hospital Heidelberg
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
University of Genoa
Michael Brainin
Danube University Krems
Luisa C. Brant
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Michael Brauer
University of Washington
Alexandra Brazinova
Comenius University in Bratislava
Nicholas J.K. Breitborde
Ohio State University
Paul Svitil Briant
University of Washington
Gabrielle Britton
Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services
Traolach S. Brugha
University Of Leicester
Gene Bukhman
Reinhard Busse
Berlin Institute of Health
Zahid A. Butt
School of Population and Public Health
Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado
Center for Health Systems Research
Charlton S. K. H. Callender
University of Washington
Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato
National Institute of Public Health
Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon
National Institute of Public Health
Jorge Cano
Josip Car
Centre for Population Health Sciences
Mate Car
Imperial College London
Rosario Cárdenas
Metropolitan Autonomous University
Juan Jesus Carrero
Karolinska Institutet
Austin Carter
University of Washington
Felix Carvalho
University of Porto
Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Jacqueline Castillo Rivas
Dirección Actuarial
Franz Castro
Kate Causey
University of Washington
Alanur Çavlin
Hacettepe University
Kelly Cercy
University of Washington
Ester Cerin
Australian Catholic University
Yazan Chaiah
Alfaisal University
Julian Chalek
University of Washington
Hsing-Yi Chang
National Health Research Institutes
Jung-Chen Chang
College of Medicine
Aparajita Chattopadhyay
Vijay Kumar Chattu
University of the West Indies
Pankaj Chaturvedi
Tata Memorial Hospital
Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang
Gold Coast Health
Ken Lee Chin
Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa
University of Zambia
Abdulaal Chitheer
Ministry of Health
Jee-Young J. Choi
Biochemistry
Rajiv Chowdhury
University of Cambridge
Hanne Christensen
University of Copenhagen
Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher
Christian Medical College
Sheng-Chia Chung
University College London (UCL)
Flavia M Cicuttini
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Liliana G. Ciobanu
University of Copenhagen
Massimo Cirillo
University of Salerno
Rafael M. Claro
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Thomas Khaled Dwayne Claßen
North Rhine-Westphalia Centre for Health
Aaron J. Cohen
University of Washington
Daniel Collado-Mateo
University of Extremadura
Cyrus Cooper
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Leslie Trumbull Cooper
Mayo Clinic
Leslie Cornaby
University of Washington
Monica Cortinovis
Megan Costa
Arizona State University
Ewerton Cousin
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Elizabeth A. Cromwell
University of Washington
Christopher Stephen Crowe
Division of Plastic Surgery
Matthew Cunningham
University of Washington
Alemneh Kabeta Daba
Hawassa University
Abel Fekadu Dadi
Institute of Public Health
Lalit Dandona
University of Washington
Rakhi Dandona
University of Washington
Anh Kim Dang
Duy Tan University
Paul I Dargan
King's College London
Ahmad Daryani
Toxoplasmosis Research Center
Siddharth Kumar Das
King George's Medical University
Rajat Das Gupta
BRAC University
José Das Neves
I3S- Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude
Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Aditya Prasad Dash
Central University Tamil Nadu
Adrian C. Davis
University College London (UCL)
Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
Kairat Davletov
Kazakh National Medical University
Anand Dayama
San Joaquin General Hospital
Barbora De Courten
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation
Diego De Leo
Griffith University
Jan-Walter De Neve
Heidelberg University
Hans De Steur
Ghent university
Meaza Girma Degefa
Louisa Degenhardt
University of Washington
Tizta Tilahun Degfie
African Population Health Research Centre
Selina Deiparine
University of Washington
Robert P. Dellavalle
University of Colorado at Denver
Gebre Demoz
Addis Ababa University
Balem Demtsu
Mekelle University
Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Kebede Deribe
School of Public Health
Nikolaos Dervenis
Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust
Getenet Ayalew Dessie
Subhojit Dey
Disha Foundation
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
University of Washington
Meghnath Dhimal
Nepal Health Research Council
Daniel Dicker
University of Washington
Mesfin Tadese Dinberu
Debre Berhan University
Eric L Ding
Shirin Djalalinia
Deputy of Research and Technology
Huyen Phuc Do
Duy Tan University
Klara Dokova
Medical University of Varna
David Teye Doku
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Dirk Douwes-Schultz
University of Washington
Tim R. Driscoll
The University of Sydney
Leilei Duan
National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention
Manisha Dubey
United Nations World Food Programme
Eleonora Dubljanin
University of Belgrade
Eyasu Ejeta Duken
Wollega University
Bruce Bartholow Duncan
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Andre R Duraes
Federal University of Bahia
Soheil Ebrahimpour
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
David Edvardsson
La Trobe University
Charbel El Bcheraoui
Erika Eldrenkamp
University of Washington
Ziad El-Khatib
Iqbal Rf Elyazar
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology
Ahmadali Enayati
School of Public Health
Aman Yesuf Endries
St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College
Babak Eshrati
Center of Communicable Disease Control
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Alireza Esteghamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sadaf Esteghamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Kara Estep
University of Washington
Mahdi Fakhar
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Hamed Fakhim
Urmia University of Medical Science
Jessica Fanzo
Johns Hopkins University
Mahbobeh Faramarzi
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Fareed
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Farzaneh Farhadi
Tehran
Talha A Farid
University of Louisville
Carla Sofia Esá Farinha
National Statistical Office
Andrea Farioli
André Faro
Federal University of Sergipe
Maryam S Farvid
Farshad Farzadfar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
Hossein Farzam
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Ali Akbar Fazaeli
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Mir Sohail Fazeli
Doctor Evidence
Valery L. Feigin
University of Washington
Andrea B. Feigl
Wubalem Fekadu
Rachel Feldman
University of Washington
Netsanet Fentahun
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Montreal Neurological Institute
Eduarda Fernandes
University of Porto
João C. Fernandes
Catholic University of Portugal
Garumma Tolu Feyissa
Jimma University
Daniel Obadare Fijabi
Brandeis University
Irina Filip
Samuel Finegold
University of Washington
Jonas David Finger
Robert Koch Institut
Florian Fischer
Bielefeld University
Christina Fitzmaurice
University of Washington
Luisa Sorio Flor
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Nataliya Foigt
Academy of Medical Science
Kyle J. Foreman
University of Washington
Tahvi D. Frank
University of Washington
Richard Charles Franklin
James Cook University
Takeshi Fukumoto
Cancer Institute (W.I.A.)
Kai Fukutaki
University of Washington
John E. Fuller
University of Washington
Thomas Fürst
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)
Joao M Furtado
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Emmanuela Gakidou
University of Washington
Silvano Gallus
Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe
Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health
Ron T. Gansevoort
University of Groningen
Ana Cristina Garcia
Nova University of Lisbon
Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro
Tuberculosis Department
Miguel A. Garcia-Gordillo
Autonomous University of Chile
William M Gardner
University of Washington
Abadi Kahsu Gebre
School of Pharmacy
Teshome Gebre
Task Force for Global Health
Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs
School of Public Health
Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot
Jimma University
Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin
Jimma University
Bereket Gebremichael
College of Health Sciences
Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael
School of Pharmacy
Tilayie Feto Gelano
Haramaya University
Johanna M. Geleijnse
Wageningen University and Research
Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo
Sefonias Getachew
Peter W. Gething
University of Oxford
Kebede Embaye Gezae
Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami
Sleep Disorders Research Center
Reza Ghadimi
Health Research Institute
Keyghobad Ghadiri
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
Health Research Institute
Hesam Ghiasvand
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Mamata Ghimire
University of Tsukuba
Aloke Gopal Ghoshal
Simona Giampaoli
Dysmetabolic
Paramjit Singh Gill
The University of Warwick
Tiffany K Gill
University of Copenhagen
Giorgia Giussani
Elena V Gnedovskaya
Research Center of Neurology
Ellen M. Goldberg
University of Washington
Srinivas Goli
International Institute for Population Sciences
Philimon N. Gona
University of Massachusetts Boston
Amador Goodridge
Neuroscience Department
Sameer Vali Gopalani
University of Oklahoma
Taren M. Gorman
University of Washington
Atsushi Goto
National Cancer Center Tokyo
Alessandra Carvalho Goulart
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Ayman Grada
Boston University
Max G. Griswold
University of Washington
Giuseppe Grosso
University of Catania
Harish Chander Gugnani
Saint James School of Medicine
Francis Guillemin
University of Lorraine
Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes
State University of Montes Claros
Yuming Guo
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Prakash C. Gupta
Harvard School of Public Health
Rahul Gupta
West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
Rajeev Gupta
Rajasthan University of Health Sciences
Tanush Gupta
Montefiore Medical Center
Giang Hai Ha
Duy Tan University
Juanita A. Haagsma
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Vladimir Hachinski
Nima Hafezi-Nejad
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli
University College London (UCL)
Tekleberhan B Hagos
Anatomy Unit
Michael Tamene Haile
St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College
Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis
Haramaya University
Gessessew Bugssa Hailu
Biomedical Sciences Division
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Arya Haj-Mirzaian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Randah Ribhi Hamadeh
Arabian Gulf University
Samer Hamidi
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Graeme J. Hankey
University of Western Australia
Hilda L. Harb
Ministry of Public Health
Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan
Cardiology Department
Hamidreza Haririan
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Josep Maria Haro
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park
Mehedi Hasan
BRAC University
Hadi Hassankhani
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Hamid Yimam Hassen
Public Health Department
Rasmus Havmoeller
Karolinska University Hospital
Caitlin Hawley
University of Washington
Simon I. Hay
University of Washington
Yihua He
University of Washington
Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Mohamed I. Hegazy
Cairo University
Behzad Heibati
Air Pollution Research Center
Behnam Heidari
Teikyo University
Mohsen Heidari
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
Delia Hendrie
Curtin University
Andualem Henok
Mizan Tepi University
Ileana Heredia-Pi
Center for Health Systems Research
Claudiu Herteliu
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Behzad Heydarpour
A C S Medical College and Hospital
Fatemeh Heydarpour
Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences
Sousan Heydarpour
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu
Hawassa University
Martha Híjar
National Institute of Public Health
Hans W. Hoek
University of Groningen
Daniel J. Hoffman
Rutgers University
Michael K Hole
The University of Texas at Austin
Enayatollah Homaie Rad
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Praveen Hoogar
Manipal University
Nobuyuki Horita
Yokohama City University
H. Dean Hosgood
Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Mihaela Hostiuc
Sorin Hostiuc
Peter J. Hotez
Baylor College of Medicine
Damian G. Hoy
The University of Sydney
Mohamed Hsairi
Medicine School of Tunis
Thomas Hsiao
University of Washington
Guoqing Hu
Central South University
John J. Huang
Yale University
Caitlyn Hughes
Solar Cookers International
Chantal K Huynh
University of Washington
Ehimario Uche Igumbor
University of the Western Cape
Chad Ikeda
University of Washington
Olayinka S. Ilesanmi
University of Liberia
Usman Iqbal
Taipei Medical University
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Caleb M.S. Irvine
University of Washington
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
The University of Sydney
Farhad Islami
American Cancer Society
Rebecca Q. Ivers
Injury Division
Neda Izadi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Kathryn H. Jacobsen
George Mason University
Leila Jahangiry
School of Public Health
Nader Jahanmehr
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Sudhir Kumar Jain
National Centre For Disease Control Delhi
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
University of Washington
Moti Tolera Jalu
Haramaya University
Amr A. Jamal
Spencer L. James
University of Washington
Simerjot K Jassal
Department of Veterans Affairs
Mehdi Javanbakht
Newcastle University
Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
University of Colombo
Panniyammakal Jeemon
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
Ravi Prakash Jha
Banaras Hindu University
Vivekanand Jha
University of Oxford
John S Ji
Duke Kunshan University
Catherine O. Johnson
University of Washington
Sarah Charlotte Johnson
University of Washington
Jost B. Jonas
Heidelberg University
Jitendra Jonnagaddala
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Ankur Joshi
Centre for Community Medicine
Jacek Józwiak
Częstochowa University of Technology
Suresh Banayya Jungari
Savitribai Phule Pune University
Mikk Jürisson
University of Tartu
K. Madhanraj
University of Ottawa
Zubair Kabir
University College Cork
Rajendra Kadel
London School of Economics and Political Science
Amaha Kahsay
Molla Kahssay
Samara University
Rizwan Kalani
Umesh Kapil
A C S Medical College and Hospital
Manoochehr Karami
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Behzad Karami Matin
Faculty of Public Health
Marina Karanikolos
Centre for Global Chronic Conditions
Narges Karimi
Seyed M. Karimi
University of Washington
Hamidreza Karimi-Sari
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Amir Kasaeian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Dessalegn Haile Kassa
Getachew Mullu Kassa
College of Health Sciences
Tesfaye Dessale Kassa
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Zemenu Yohannes Kassa
Hawassa University
Nicholas J Kassebaum
University of Washington
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
University of Glasgow
Anil Kaul
Oklahoma State University
Norito Kawakami
University of Tokyo
Zhila Kazemi
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Ali Kazemi Karyani
Faculty of Public Health
Dhruv Satish Kazi
University of California
K.C. Prakash
University of Tampere
Seifu Kebede
Salale University
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
Laura Kemmer
University of Washington
Grant Rodgers Kemp
University of Washington
Andre Pascal Kengne
South African Medical Research Council
Andre Keren
Assuta Hospital
Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
Yousef Saleh Khader
Public Health and Family Medicine
Behzad Khafaei
Omidiyeh Branch
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Alireza Khajavi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Nauman Khalid
University of Management and Technology
Ibrahim A. Khalil
University of Washington
Ejaz Ahmad Khan
Health Services Academy
Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
John H Stroger
Muhammad Ali Khan
University of Alabama
Young-Ho Khang
Seoul National University
Tripti Khanna
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Mona M. Khater
Cairo University
Alireza Khatony
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Zahra Khazaeipour
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Habibolah Khazaie
Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja
Johns Hopkins University
Ardeshir Khosravi
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Mohammad Hossein Khosravi
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Jagdish Khubchandani
Ball State University
Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri
Lund University
Helen W. Kiarie
Ministry of Health
Getiye Dejenu Kibret
Daniel Ngari Kiirithio
Kenya Revenue Authority
Daniel Kim
Northeastern University
Jun Y. Kim
University of Washington
Young-Eun Kim
Korea University
Yun Jin Kim
Xiamen University Malaysia
Ruth W. Kimokoti
Simmons College
Yohannes Kinfu
University of Canberra
Sanjay Kinra
Adnan Kisa
Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek
Faculty of Health Sciences
Niranjan Kissoon
Mika Kivimäki
University College London (UCL)
Jonathan M. Kocarnik
University of Washington
Sonali Kochhar
Yoshihiro Kokubo
Tufa Kolola
Debre Berhan University
Jacek A. Kopec
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Margaret N. Kosek
Johns Hopkins University
Soewarta Kosen
Independent Consultant
Parvaiz A. Koul
Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Ai Koyanagi
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park
Michael Kravchenko
Research Center of Neurology
Kewal Krishan
Panjab University
Kristopher J. Krohn
University of Washington
Barthelemy Kuate Defo
Université de Montréal
Burcu Kucuk Bicer
Hacettepe University
Andreas A. Kudom
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Xie Rachel Kulikoff
University of Washington
G. Anil Kumar
Public Health Foundation of India
Manasi Kumar
University College London (UCL)
Pushpendra Kumar
International Institute for Population Sciences
Michael Kutz
University of Washington
Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
University of Washington
Carl Lachat
Ghent university
Deepesh Pravinkumar Lad
Sheetal D Lad
Alessandra Lafranconi
University of Milano-Bicocca
Abraham K. Lagat
Wellcome Trust Research Programme
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Public Health Foundation of India
Ratilal Lalloo
School of Dentistry
Hilton Lam
Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies
Faris Hasan Lami
Academy of Medical Science
Prabhat Lamichhane
Deakin University
Qing Lan
National Cancer Institute
Justin J. Lang
Public Health Agency of Canada
Van C. Lansingh
Inc.
Sonia Lansky
Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte
Heidi Jane Larson
University of Washington
Anders Larsson
Uppsala University
Dennis Odai Laryea
Ghana Health Service
Zohra S. Lassi
University of Copenhagen
Arman Latifi
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau
University of Washington
Avula Laxmaiah
Indian Council of Medical Research
Jeffrey Victor Lazarus
University of Barcelona
Janet L. Leasher
Nova Southeastern University
Georgy Lebedev
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Jorge R. Ledesma
University of Washington
James B. Lee
University of Washington
Paul H Lee
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Andrew T. Leever
University of Washington
James Leigh
Asbestos Diseases Research Institute
Mall Leinsalu
Södertörn University
Cheru Tesema Leshargie
Janni Leung
University of Queensland
Sonia Lewycka
University of Oxford
Shanshan Li
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Xiaohong Li
West China Hospital
Yichong Li
Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital
Juan Liang
National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance
Xiaofeng Liang
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Misgan Legesse Liben
Samara University
Lee-Ling Lim
University of Malaya
Miteku Andualem Limenih
Institute of Public Health
Shai Linn
University of Haifa
Shiwei Liu
Centre for Chronic Disease Control
Yang Liu
Rollins School of Public Health
Rakesh Lodha
Giancarlo Logroscino
University of Bari Aldo Moro
Alan D. Lopez
University of Washington
Stefan Lorkowski
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Paulo A. Lotufo
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Lydia R. Lucchesi
University of Washington
Ronan A. Lyons
Swansea University
Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan
University of the Philippines Manila
Mark T. Mackay
University of Melbourne
Emilie R. Maddison
University of Washington
Fabiana Madotto
University of Milano-Bicocca
Dhaval P. Maghavani
Grant Medical College and Sir J J Group of Hospitals
Carlos Magis-Rodriguez
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Narayan Bahadur Mahotra
Tribhuvan University
Marek Majdan
Department of Public Health
Reza Majdzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Azeem Majeed
Imperial College London
Reza Malekzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Deborah Carvalho Malta
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Abdullah A. Mamun
Institute for Social Science Research
Ana-Laura Manda
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Luiz Garcia Mandarano-Filho
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Srikanth Mangalam
Public Risk Management Institute
Helena Manguerra
University of Washington
Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Chabila C. Mapoma
University of Zambia
Joemer C Maravilla
Institute for Social Science Research
Wagner Marcenes
King's College London
Ashley Marks
University of Washington
Randall V Martin
Dalhousie University
Sheila Cristina Ouriques Martins
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo
Science and Technology of Ceará
Ira Martopullo
University of Washington
Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson
Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
Division of Plastic Surgery
Manu Raj Mathur
Public Health Foundation of India
Pallab K Maulik
The George Institute for Global Health
Mohsen Mazidi
Chalmers, Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science
Colm McAlinden
Hywel Dda University Health Board
John J. McGrath
University of Queensland
Martin McKee
Brian J. McMahon
Suresh Mehata
Ipas Nepal
Man Mohan Mehndiratta
Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society
Ravi Mehrotra
National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
Kala M. Mehta
University of California
Varshil Mehta
Sevenhills Hospital
Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez
National Institute of Public Health
Tesfa Mekonen
Tefera C. Chane Mekonnen
Wollo University
Hagazi Gebre Meles
Mekelle University
Addisu Melese
Debre Tabor University
Mulugeta Melku
Institute of Public Health
Peter Memiah
University of West Florida
Ziad A. Memish
Alfaisal University
Walter Mendoza
United Nations Population Fund
Desalegn Tadese Mengistu
School of Medicine
Getnet Mengistu
School of Pharmacy
George A. Mensah
Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science
Gert B M Mensink
Robert Koch Institut
Seid Tiku Mereta
Jimma University
Atte Meretoja
School of Health Sciences
Tuomo J. Meretoja
University of Helsinki
Tomislav Mestrovic
Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic
Haftay Berhane Mezgebe
Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science
Bartosz Miazgowski
Emergency Department
Tomasz Miazgowski
Anoushka Millear
University of Washington
Ted R. Miller
Curtin University
Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie
University of Washington
George J. Milne
University of Western Australia
G.K. Mini
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
Shawn Minnig
Bellingham Technical College
Parvaneh Mirabi
Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center
Mojde Mirarefin
Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Awoke Misganaw
University of Washington
Philip B. Mitchell
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Babak Moazen
Heidelberg University
Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
Karolinska Institutet
Bahram Mohajer
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad
Salahaddin University
Moslem Mohammadi
Noushin Mohammadifard
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
Mohammed A. Mohammed
The University of Sydney
Shafiu Mohammed
Heidelberg University
Murali B. V. Mohan
Narayana Health
Viswanathan Mohan
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Farnam Mohebi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Modhurima Moitra
University of Washington
Ali H. Mokdad
University of Washington
Mariam Molokhia
King's College London
Lorenzo Monasta
IRCCS Burlo Garofolo
Julio Cesar Montañez
National Health Research Institutes
Mahmood Moosazadeh
Health Sciences Research Center
Ghobad Moradi
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Mahmoudreza Moradi
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Mehdi Moradinazar
School of Public Health
Paula Moraga
Lancaster University
Lidia Morawska
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
Joana Morgado-Da-costa
Hospital Center of Porto
Naho Morisaki
National Center for Child Health and Development
Shane D. Morrison
Abbas Mosapour
Marilita M Moschos
University of Athens
W Cliff Mountjoy-Venning
University of Washington
Simin Mouodi
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Achenef Asmamaw Muche
Institute of Public Health
Kindie Fentahun Muchie
Institute of Public Health
Ulrich O. Mueller
Federal Institute for Population Research
Oumer Sada S. Muhammed
Satinath Mukhopadhyay
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Erin C. Mullany
University of Washington
Kate Muller
University of Washington
John Everett Mumford
University of Washington
Manoj Murhekar
National Institute of Epidemiology
Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy
Indian Institute of Public Health
Srinivas Murthy
Jonah Musa
University of Jos
Kamarul Imran Musa
University of Science, Malaysia
Ghulam Mustafa
Nishtar Medical University
Saravanan Muthupandian
Ashraf F. Nabhan
Ain Shams University
Jean B. Nachega
Johns Hopkins University
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Gabriele Nagel
University of Ulm
Mohsen Naghavi
University of Washington
Aliya Naheed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Azin Nahvijou
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Kovin Naidoo
Gurudatta A. Naik
Nitish Naik
Farid Najafi
Luigi Naldi
San Bortolo Hospital
Hae Sung Nam
Chungnam National University
Vinay Nangia
Suraj Eye Institute
Jobert Richie Njingang Nansseu
Ministry of Public Health
Bruno Ramos Nascimento
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Haseeb Nawaz
Mercy Saint Vincent Medical Center
Nahid Neamati
Ionut Negoi
Emergency Hospital of Bucharest
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Anatomy and Embryology Department
Subas Neupane
University of Tampere
Charles R. Newton
Frida N. Ngalesoni
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri
University of Embu
Anh Quynh Nguyen
Hanoi School of Public Health
Grant Nguyen
University of Washington
Ha Thu Nguyen
Hanoi School of Public Health
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen
Duy Tan University
Huong Thanh Nguyen
Hanoi School of Public Health
Minh Nguyen
University of Washington
Emma Nichols
University of Washington
Solomon Gedlu Nigatu
Institute of Public Health
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
Taipei Medical University
Yirga Legesse Nirayo
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Muhammad Imran Nisar
Aga Khan University
Molly R. Nixon
University of Washington
Nomonde Nolutshungu
South African Embassy
Marika Nomura
Ole F. Norheim
Mehdi Noroozi
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Bo Norrving
Lund University
Jean Jacques N. Noubiap
University of Cape Town
Hamid Reza Nouri
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center
Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Reza Nowroozi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Peter S Nyasulu
Stellenbosch University
Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer
American University of Beirut
Richard Ofori-Asenso
Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics
Okechukwu Samuel Ogah
University College Hospital
Felix Akpojene Ogbo
Western Sydney University
In-Hwan Oh
Kyung Hee University
Anselm Okoro
Measurement
Kelechi E. Oladimeji
Olanrewaju Oladimeji
Human Sciences Research Council
Andrew Toyin Olagunju
University of Lagos
Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju
McMaster University
Pedro R. Olivares
Autonomous University of Chile
Helen E. Olsen
University of Washington
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya
Center for Healthy Start Initiative
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Center for Healthy Start Initiative
Kanyin Ong
University of Washington
Sok King Ong
Ministry of Health
Anu Mary Oommen
University of Copenhagen
John Nelson Opio
University of Copenhagen
Eyal Oren
University of Washington
Andrei Oros
University of Washington
Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano
Center for Health Systems Research
Alberto Ortiz
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)
Justin R. Ortiz
Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo
Center for Population Health Research
Erika Ota
St Luke's International University
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Mayowa Ojo Owolabi
University of Ibadan
P. Mahesh
JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Smita Pakhale
University of Ottawa
Abhijit P Pakhare
Centre for Community Medicine
Wen-Harn Pan
Academia Sinica
Adrian Pana
Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation
Basant Kumar Panda
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
Heidelberg University
Jeyaraj D. Pandian
University of Copenhagen
Nikolaos Papantoniou
Attikon University Hospital
Eun-Kee Park
College of Medicine
Charles D H Parry
Stellenbosch University
Hadi Parsian
Shanti Patel
Maimonides Medical Center
Sanghamitra Pati
Indian Council of Medical Research
Ajay Patle
International Institute of Health Management Research
George C. Patton
Population Health Group
Vishnupriya Rao Paturi
Diabetes Research Society
Deepak Paudel
Nutrition
Katherine R Paulson
University of Washington
Neil Pearce
Emmanuel K. Peprah
Lung
David M. Pereira
University of Cartagena
Norberto Perico
Aslam Pervaiz
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Konrad Pesudovs
Independent Consultant
William A. Petri
University of Virginia
Max Petzold
University of Gothenburg
Michael Robert Phillips
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
David M. Pigott
University of Washington
Julian David Pillay
Durban University of Technology
Meghdad Pirsaheb
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Martin Pletcher
University of Washington
Constance D. Pond
University of Newcastle
Maarten J. Postma
University of Groningen
Akram Pourshams
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hossein Poustchi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Dorairaj Prabhakaran
Public Health Foundation of India
Swayam Prakash
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Narayan Prasad
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Caroline Purcell
University of Washington
Manita Pyakurel
Kathmandu University
Mostafa Qorbani
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Reginald Quansah
University of Ghana
Amir Radfar
Medichem
Anwar Rafay
Contech School of Public Health
Alireza Rafiei
Fakher Rahim
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Kazem Rahimi
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mahfuzar Rahman
La Trobe University
Md Shafiur Rahman
Deakin University
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Global Public Health Research Foundation
Sajjad Ur Rahman
Sweidi Hospital
Rajesh Kumar Rai
Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
Fatemeh Rajati
Sasa Rajsic
Medical University of Innsbruck
Usha Ram
Saleem M. Rana
Contech School of Public Health
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Yonsei University
Prabhat Ranjan
Davide Rasella
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
David Laith Rawaf
University College London (UCL)
Salman Rawaf
Public Health England
Christian Aspacia Razo-García
Center for Population Health Research
K Srinath Reddy
Public Health Foundation of India
Robert C. Reiner
University of Washington
Cesar Reis
Loma Linda University Medical Center
Marissa B. Reitsma
University of Washington
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Andre M.N. Renzaho
School of Social Sciences and Psychology
Serge Resnikoff
Brien Holden Vision Institute
Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu
Satar Rezaei
School of Public Health
Shahab Rezaeian
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Sadegh Rezai
Seyed Mohammad Riahi
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Maria Jesus Rios Blancas
Center for Health Systems Research
Kedir Teji Roba
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Nicholas L. S. Roberts
University of Washington
Leonardo Roever
Federal University of Uberlândia
Luca Ronfani
IRCCS Burlo Garofolo
Gholamreza Roshandel
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ali Rostami
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
Gregory A. Roth
Division of Cardiology
Ambuj Roy
Enrico Rubagotti
IKIAM Amazon Regional University
George Mugambage Ruhago
School of Public Health
Yogesh Damodar Sabde
Indian Council of Medical Research
Perminder S. Sachdev
Prince of Wales Hospital
Basema Saddik
University of Sharjah
Ehsan Sadeghi
Hosein Safari
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Yahya Safari
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Roya Safari-Faramani
Faculty of Public Health
Mahdi Safdarian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sare Safi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Saeid Safiri
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Rajesh Sagar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Haniye Sadat Sajadi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Nasir Salam
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Joseph Salama
University of Washington
Payman Salamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Raphael De Freitas Saldanha
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Zikria Saleem
Punjab University College of Pharmacy
Yahya Salimi
Hamideh Salimzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Joshua A. Salomon
Stanford University
Sundeep Santosh Salvi
Chest Research Foundation
Inbal Salz
Ministry of Health
Evanson Zondani Sambala
South African Medical Research Council
Abdallah M. Samy
Ain Shams University
Juan Ramon Sanabria
Marshall University
Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research
Itamar S. Santos
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Milena M Santric Milicevic
University of Belgrade
Bruno Piassi Sao Jose
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Mayank Sardana
University of Massachusetts
Abdur Razzaque Sarker
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Nizal Sarrafzadegan
School of Population and Public Health
Benn Sartorius
Shahabeddin Sarvi
Toxoplasmosis Research Center
Brijesh Sathian
Hamad Medical Corporation
Maheswar Satpathy
Utkal University
Miloje Savic
GSK Biologicals
Arundhati R. Sawant
D Y Patil Vidyapeeth
Monika Sawhney
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Mete I. Saylan
Bayer
Mehdi Sayyah
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Elke Schaeffner
Berlin Institute of Health
Maria Inês Schmidt
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Ione J. C. Schneider
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Ben Schöttker
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
Aletta E. Schutte
North-West University
David C. Schwebel
Falk Schwendicke
Soraya Seedat
Stellenbosch University
Mario Sekerija
University of Zagreb
Sadaf G. Sepanlou
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Edson E. Servan-Mori
Center for Health Systems Research
Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hosein Shabaninejad
Katya Anne Shackelford
University of Washington
Azadeh Shafieesabet
NYU Langone Health
Amira A. Shaheen
An-Najah National University
Masood Ali Shaikh
Independent Consultant
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammadbagher Shamsi
Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Morteza Shamsizadeh
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Heidar Sharafi
Middle East Liver Disease Center
Kiomars Sharafi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Sharif
Islamic Azad University
Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Jayendra Sharma
Ministry of Health
Rajesh Sharma
Delhi Technological University
Sharad Kumar Sharma
Jun She
Fudan University
Aziz Sheikh
University of Edinburgh
Muki Shehu Shey
University of Cape Town
Peilin Shi
Tufts University
Kenji Shibuya
University of Tokyo
Chloe Shields
University of Washington
Girma Temam Shifa
School of Public Health
Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw
School of Pharmacy
Mika Shigematsu
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Rahman Shiri
Työterveyslaitos
Reza Shirkoohi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Shreya Shirude
University of Washington
Kawkab Shishani
Washington State University Pullman
Ivy Shiue
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Farhad Shokraneh
University of Nottingham
Haitham Shoman
Imperial College London
Mark G. Shrime
Harvard University
Sharvari Rahul Shukla
Symbiosis International University
Si Si
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Soraya Siabani
Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center
Abla Mehio Sibai
American University of Beirut
Tariq J Siddiqi
Dow University of Health Sciences
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
Reykjavik University
Naris Silpakit
University of Washington
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Joao Pedro Silva
University of Porto
Natacha Torres Da Silva
Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth
Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira
University of Brasilia
Jasvinder A. Singh
Narinder Pal Singh
Max Hospital
Om Prakash Singh
Banaras Hindu University
Prashant Kumar Singh
The Energy and Resources Institute India (TERI)
Virendra Singh
Dhirendra Narain Sinha
School of Preventive Oncology
Eirini Skiadaresi
Hywel Dda University Health Board
Karen Sliwa
University of Cape Town
Amanda E. Smith
University of Washington
Mari Smith
University of Washington
Adauto Martins Soares Filho
Badr H.A. Sobaih
King Khalid University Hospital
Soheila Sobhani
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Michael Soljak
LKCMedicine
Moslem Soofi
School of Public Health
Masoud Soosaraei
A T Still University
Reed J.D. Sorensen
University of Washington
Joan B. Soriano
Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IISP)
Sergey Soshnikov
Ireneous N. Soyiri
University of Edinburgh
Angela Spinelli
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Luciano A. Sposato
Clinical Neurological Sciences
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
International Medical University
Raghavendra Guru Srinivasan
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
Vinay Srinivasan
University of Washington
Jeffrey D. Stanaway
University of Washington
Vladimir I Starodubov
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Vasiliki Stathopoulou
University of Athens
Nadine Steckling
Klinikum der Universitat Munchen
Dan J. Stein
South African Medical Research Council
Leo G. Stewart
University of Washington
Leo Stockfelt
University of Gothenburg
Mark Andrew Stokes
Deakin University
Kurt Straif
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Agus Sudaryanto
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan
Ahmadu Bello University
Bruno F. Sunguya
Patrick J. Sur
University of Washington
Ipsita Sutradhar
BRAC University
Bryan L. Sykes
University of California at Irvine (UCI)
P.N. Sylaja
Neurology Department
Dillon O. Sylte
University of Washington
Cassandra E I Szoeke
Australian Catholic University
Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
Universitat de Valencia
Takahiro Tabuchi
Osaka International Cancer Institute
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
Griffith University
Koku Sisay Tamirat
Nikhil Tandon
Frank C. Tanser
Africa Health Research Institute
Aberash Abay Tassew
Institute of Public Health
Segen Gebremeskel Tassew
Mekelle University
Mohammad Tavakkoli
New York Medical College
Nuno Taveira
University Institute Egas Moniz
Nega Yimer Tawye
Alkan Health Science
Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
Tigist Gashaw Tekalign
Haramaya University
Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle
School of Public Health
Habtamu Temesgen
Debre Markos University
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
Omar Temsah
Alfaisal University
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
University of Virginia
Manaye Yihune Teshale
Destaw Fetene Teshome
Belay Tessema
Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin
Aksum University
J.S. Thakur
School of Public Health
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
Andrew Theis
University of Washington
Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
Nanyang Technological University
Laura Anne Thomas
Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Nihal Thomas
University of Copenhagen
Alan J. Thomson
Amanda G. Thrift
Monash University
Binyam Tilahun
Institute of Public Health
Quyen G. To
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
Ruoyan Tobe-Gai
National Center for Child Health and Development
Marcello Tonelli
University of Calgary
Roman Topor-Madry
Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System
Anna Torre
University of Washington
Miguel Tortajada-Girbés
Universitat de Valencia
Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Jeffrey A Towbin
Bach Xuan Tran
Hanoi Medical University
Khanh Bao Tran
Military Medical University
Tung Thanh Tran
Duy Tan University
Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
Christopher Troeger
University of Washington
Thomas Truelsen
University of Copenhagen
Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik
School of Pharmacy
Lorainne Tudor Car
Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
E Murat Tuzcu
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Hayley D. Tymeson
University of Washington
Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja
Federal Teaching Hospital
Irfan Ullah
Gomal University
Rachel Updike
University of Washington
Muhammad Shariq Usman
Dow University of Health Sciences
Olalekan A. Uthman
The University of Warwick
Muthiah Vaduganathan
Heart and Vascular Center
Afsane Vaezi
Gaurang Vaidya
University of Louisville
Pascual Rubén Valdez
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
Aaron Van Donkelaar
Dalhousie University
Elena Varavikova
Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics
Tommi Vasankari
UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Raffles Hospital
Ramesh Vidavalur
Cornell University
Santos Villafaina
Sport Science Department
Francesco S Violante
University of Bologna
Sergey K. Vladimirov
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Sebastian Vollmer
University of Göttingen
Stein Emil Vollset
University of Washington
Theo Vos
University of Washington
Kia Vosoughi
Johns Hopkins University
Isidora S Vujcic
University of Belgrade
Gregory R. Wagner
Fasil Wagnew
Yasir Waheed
Foundation University Medical College
Judd L. Walson
Yanping Wang
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Yuan-Pang Wang
National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China
Molla Mesele Wassie
Institute of Public Health
Elisabete Weiderpass
Cancer Registry of Norway Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research
Robert G. Weintraub
Murdoch Childrens Research Hospital
Jordan Weiss
University of Pennsylvania
Fitsum Weldegebreal
Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Andrea Werdecker
Independent Consultant
Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh
T. Eoin West
Ronny Westerman
Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort
Joanna L. Whisnant
University of Washington
Harvey A. Whiteford
University of Washington
Justyna Widecka
Zdroje Hospital
Katarzyna Widecka
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Tissa Wijeratne
La Trobe University
Lauren B. Wilner
University of Washington
Andrea Sylvia Winkler
Technical University of Munich
Alison B Wiyeh
South African Medical Research Council
Charles Shey Wiysonge
Stellenbosch University
Haileab Fekadu Wolde
Charles D.A. Wolfe
King's College London
Shouling Wu
Kailuan General Hospital
Denis Xavier
St.
Gelin Xu
Nanjing University
Rixing Xu
University of Washington
Ali Yadollahpour
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari
Milad General Hospital
Bereket Yakob
Harvard University
Tomohide Yamada
University of Tokyo
Lijing L. Yan
Duke University
Yuichiro Yano
Northwestern University
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Yasin Jemal Yasin
School of Public Health
Pengpeng Ye
Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement
Jamal Yearwood
University of Washington
Alex Yeshaneh
Wolkite University
Ebrahim Mohammed
School of Pharmacy
Paul Yip
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw
University of South Australia
Engida Yisma
School of Allied Health Sciences
Naohiro Yonemoto
Kyoto University
Gerald Yonga
School of Medicine
Seok-Jun Yoon
Korea University
Marcel Yotebieng
University of Kinshasa
Mustafa Z. Younis
Jackson State University
Mahmoud Yousefifard
Physiology Research Center
Chuanhua Yu
Wuhan University
Sojib Bin Zaman
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Mohammad Zamani
Student Research Committee
Zohreh Zare
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Luis Zavala-Arciniega
Desalegn Tegabu Zegeye
Policy and Planning Directorate
Elias Asfaw Zegeye
Clinton Health Access Initiative
Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke
Kazem Zendehdel
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Taddese Alemu Zerfu
Dilla University
Anthony Lin Zhang
RMIT University
Xueying Zhang
University of Texas
Maigeng Zhou
National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention
Jun Zhu
National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance
Stephanie R.M. Zimsen
University of Washington
Sanjay Zodpey
Indian Institute of Public Health
Leo Zoeckler
University of Washington
Inbar Zucker
Tel Aviv University
Liesl Joanna Zuhlke
University of Cape Town
Stephen S. Lim
University of Washington
Christopher J. L. Murray
University of Washington
The Lancet
0140-6736 (ISSN) 1474-547X (eISSN)
Vol. 392 10159 2091-2138Subject Categories
Environmental Sciences
Environmental Health and Occupational Health
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32281-5
PubMed
30496107