Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017
Journal article, 2019

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.

Author

Roy Burstein

University of Washington

Nathaniel J. Henry

University of Washington

Michael L. Collison

University of Washington

Laurie B. Marczak

University of Washington

Amber Sligar

University of Washington

Stefanie Watson

University of Washington

Neal Marquez

University of Washington

Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Masoumeh Abbasi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Foad Abd-Allah

Cairo University

Amir Abdoli

Jahrom University of Medical Sciences

Mohammad Abdollahi

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Ibrahim Abdollahpour

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader

Saudi Ministry of Health

Michael R. M. Abrigo

Philippine Institute for Development Studies

Dilaram Acharya

Dongguk University

Oladimeji M. Adebayo

University College Hospital

Victor Adekanmbi

Cardiff University

Davoud Adham

Ardabil University of Medical Science

Mahdi Afshari

Zabol University of Medical Sciences

Mohammad Aghaali

School of Paramedical

Keivan Ahmadi

University of Lincoln

Mehdi Ahmadi

Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences

Ehsan Ahmadpour

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Rushdia Ahmed

BRAC University

Chalachew Genet Akal

Bahar Dar University

Joshua O. Akinyemi

University of Ibadan

Fares Alahdab

Mayo Clinic

Noore Alam

Queensland Health

Genet Melak Alamene

Madda Walabu University

Kefyalew Addis Alene

University of Gondar

Mehran Alijanzadeh

Qazvin University of Medical Sciences

Cyrus Alinia

Urmia University of Medical Science

Vahid Alipour

Tehran

Syed Mohamed Aljunid

University of Kuwait

Mohammed J. Almalki

Jazan University

Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi

Jazan University

Khalid Altirkawi

King Saud University

Nelson Alvis-Guzman

University of Cartagena

Adeladza Kofi Amegah

University of Cape Coast Ghana

Saeed Amini

Arak University of Medical Sciences

Arianna Maever Loreche Amit

University of the Philippines Manila

Zohreh Anbari

Arak University of Medical Sciences

Sofia Androudi

University of Thessaly

Mina Anjomshoa

Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences

Fereshteh Ansari

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Carl Abelardo T. Antonio

University of the Philippines Manila

Jalal Arabloo

Tehran

Zohreh Arefi

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Olatunde Aremu

Birmingham City University

Bahram Armoon

Saveh University of Medical Sciences

Amit Arora

Western Sydney University

Al Artaman

University of Manitoba

Anvar Asadi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi

Tehran

Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Reza Assadi

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Bahar Ataeinia

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Sachin R. Atre

Johns Hopkins University

Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla

La Trobe University

Martin Amogre Ayanore

University of Health and Allied Sciences

Samad Azari

Tehran

Ebrahim Babaee

Tehran

Arefeh Babazadeh

Center for Infectious Diseases Research

Alaa Badawi

Public Health Agency of Canada

Soghra Bagheri

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Mojtaba Bagherzadeh

Sharif University of Technology

Nafiseh Baheiraei

Tarbiat Modares University

Abbas Balouchi

Tehran

Aleksandra Barac

Clinical Center of Serbia

Quique Bassat

University of Barcelona

Bernhard T. Baune

Melbourne Medical School

Mohsen Bayati

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Neeraj Bedi

Jazan University

Ettore Beghi

Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri

Masoud Behzadifar

Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

Meysam Behzadifar

Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

Yared Belete Belay

Mekelle University

Brent Bell

University of Washington

Michelle L. Bell

Yale University

Dessalegn Ajema Berbada

Arba Minch University

Robert S. Bernstein

Emory University

Natalia V. Bhattacharjee

University of Washington

Suraj Bhattarai

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Zulfiqar A. Bhutta

Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto

Ali Bijani

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Somayeh Bohlouli

Islamic Azad University

Nicholas J.K. Breitborde

Ohio State University

Gabrielle Britton

Neuroscience Department

Annie J. Browne

University of Oxford

Sharath Burugina Nagaraja

Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital

Reinhard Busse

Technische Universität Berlin

Zahid A. Butt

University of British Columbia (UBC)

Josip Car

Nanyang Technological University

Rosario Cárdenas

Metropolitan Autonomous University

Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda

Ester Cerin

Australian Catholic University

Wagaye Fentahun Chanie

University of Gondar

Pranab Chatterjee

National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases

Dinh-Toi Chu

Hanoi National University of Education

Cyrus Cooper

University of Oxford

Vera M. Costa

University of Porto

Koustuv Dalal

Institute of Public Health Kalyani

Lalit Dandona

University of Washington

Rakhi Dandona

University of Washington

Farah Daoud

University of Washington

Ahmad Daryani

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Rajat Das Gupta

BRAC University

Ian Davis

University of Washington

Nicole Davis Weaver

University of Washington

Dragos Virgil Davitoiu

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Jan-Walter De Neve

Heidelberg University

Feleke Mekonnen Demeke

Bahar Dar University

Gebre Demoz

Aksum University

Kebede Deribe

Addis Ababa University

Rupak Desai

Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Aniruddha Deshpande

University of Washington

Hanna Demelash Desyibelew

Bahar Dar University

Sagnik Dey

Indian Institute of Technology

Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne

University of Washington

Meghnath Dhimal

Nepal Health Research Council

Daniel Diaz

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Leila Doshmangir

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Andre R. Duraes

Federal University of Bahia

Laura Dwyer-Lindgren

University of Washington

Lucas Earl

University of Washington

Roya Ebrahimi

Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences

Soheil Ebrahimpour

Center for Infectious Diseases Research

Andem Effiong

University of Newcastle

Aziz Eftekhari

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Elham Ehsani-Chimeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Iman El Sayed

Alexandria University

Maysaa El Sayed Zaki

Mansoura University

Maha El Tantawi

Alexandria University

Ziad El-Khatib

Karolinska Institutet

Mohammad Hassan Emamian

Shahroud University of Medical Sciences

Shymaa Enany

Suez Canal University

Sharareh Eskandarieh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Oghenowede Eyawo

British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS

Maha Ezalarab

University of Washington

Mahbobeh Faramarzi

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Mohammad Fareed

Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University

Roghiyeh Faridnia

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Andre Faro

Federal University of Sergipe

Ali Akbar Fazaeli

Hamedan University of Medical Sciences

Mehdi Fazlzadeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Netsanet Fentahun

Bahar Dar University

Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad

Karolinska Institutet

João C. Fernandes

Catholic University of Portugal

Irina Filip

Kaiser Permanente

Florian Fischer

Bielefeld University

Nataliya A. Foigt

Academy of Medical Science

Masoud Foroutan

Abadan School of Medical Sciences

Joel Msafiri Francis

University of Witwatersrand

Takeshi Fukumoto

Cancer Institute (W.I.A.)

Nancy Fullman

University of Washington

Silvano Gallus

Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri

Destallem Gebremedhin Gebre

Mekelle University

Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot

Jimma University

Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel

Mekelle University

Bradford D. Gessner

Pfizer

Birhanu Geta

Wollo University

Peter W. Gething

University of Oxford

Reza Ghadimi

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Keyghobad Ghadiri

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Mahsa Ghajarzadeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Ahmad Ghashghaee

Tehran

Paramjit Singh Gill

The University of Warwick

Tiffany K. Gill

University of Adelaide

Nick Golding

University of Melbourne

Nelson G. M. Gomes

University of Porto

Philimon N. Gona

University of Massachusetts Boston

Sameer Vali Gopalani

University of Oklahoma

Giuseppe Gorini

Cancer Prevention and Research Institute

Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)

Nicholas Graetz

University of Washington

Felix Greaves

Imperial College London

Manfred S. Green

University of Haifa

Yuming Guo

Monash University

Arya Haj-Mirzaian

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Brian James Hall

University of Macau

Samer Hamidi

Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University

Hamidreza Haririan

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Josep Maria Haro

Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM)

Milad Hasankhani

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Edris Hasanpoor

Maragheh University of Medical Sciences

Amir Hasanzadeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Hadi Hassankhani

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Hamid Yimam Hassen

Mizan Tepi University

Mohamed I. Hegazy

Cairo University

Delia Hendrie

Curtin University

Fatemeh Heydarpour

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Thomas R. Hird

Monash University

Chi Linh Hoang

Nguyen Tat Thanh University

Gillian Hollerich

University of Washington

Enayatollah Homaie Rad

Guilan University of Medical Sciences

Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Naznin Hossain

International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh

Seyed Mostafa Hosseini

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

Tehran

Mihaela Hostiuc

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Sorin Hostiuc

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Mowafa Househ

Hamad Bin Khalifa University

Mohamed Hsairi

Medicine School of Tunis

Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi

University of Ibadan

Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab

Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

Usman Iqbal

Taipei Medical University

Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Nazrul Islam

University of Cambridge

Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam

Deakin University

Mikk Jürisson

University of Tartu

Nader Jafari Balalami

Babol Nushirvani University of Technology

Amir Jalali

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Javad Javidnia

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Achala Upendra Jayatilleke

University of Colombo

Ensiyeh Jenabi

A T Still University

John S. Ji

Duke Kunshan University

Yash B. Jobanputra

University of Miami

Kimberly Johnson

University of Washington

Jost B. Jonas

Heidelberg University

Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari

University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences

Jacek Józwiak

University of Opole

Ali Kabir

Tehran

Amaha Kahsay

Mekelle University

Hamed Kalani

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Rohollah Kalhor

Qazvin University of Medical Sciences

Manoochehr Karami

Hamedan University of Medical Sciences

Surendra Karki

Australian Red Cross Blood Service

Amir Kasaeian

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Nicholas J Kassebaum

University of Washington

Peter Njenga Keiyoro

University of Nairobi

Grant Rodgers Kemp

University of Washington

Roghayeh Khabiri

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Yousef Saleh Khader

Public Health and Family Medicine

Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie

Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences

Ejaz Ahmad Khan

Health Services Academy

Junaid Khan

International Institute for Population Sciences

Muhammad Shahzeb Khan

John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County

Young-Ho Khang

Seoul National University

Khaled Khatab

Sheffield Hallam University

Amir Khater

National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute

Mona M. Khater

Cairo University

Alireza Khatony

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Mohammad Khazaei

Hamedan University of Medical Sciences

Salman Khazaei

Hamedan University of Medical Sciences

Maryam Khazaei-Pool

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Jagdish Khubchandani

Ball State University

Neda Kianipour

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Yun Jin Kim

Xiamen University Malaysia

Ruth W. Kimokoti

Simmons College

Damaris K. Kinyoki

University of Washington

Adnan Kisa

Kristiania University College

Sezer Kisa

Oslo Metropolitan University

Tufa Kolola

Debre Berhan University

Soewarta Kosen

Independent Consultant

Parvaiz A. Koul

Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences

Ai Koyanagi

Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies

Moritz U. G. Kraemer

University of Oxford

Kewal Krishan

Panjab University

Kristopher J. Krohn

University of Washington

Nuworza Kugbey

University of Health and Allied Sciences

G. Anil Kumar

Public Health Foundation of India

Manasi Kumar

University of Nairobi

Pushpendra Kumar

International Institute for Population Sciences

Desmond Kuupiel

University of KwaZulu-Natal

Ben Lacey

University of Oxford

Sheetal D Lad

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research

Faris Hasan Lami

Academy of Medical Science

Anders Larsson

Uppsala University

Paul H. Lee

Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Mostafa Leili

Hamedan University of Medical Sciences

Aubrey J. Levine

University of Washington

Shanshan Li

Monash University

Lee-Ling Lim

University of Malaya

Stefan Listl

Radboud University

Joshua Longbottom

University of Liverpool

Jaifred Christian F. Lopez

University of the Philippines Manila

Stefan Lorkowski

Friedrich Schiller University Jena

Sameh Magdeldin

Suez Canal University

Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek

Damietta University

Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek

Aswan University

Azeem Majeed

Imperial College London

Afshin Maleki

Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences

Reza Malekzadeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Deborah Carvalho Malta

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Abdullah A. Mamun

University of Queensland

Navid Manafi

Tehran

Ana-Laura Manda

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Morteza Mansourian

Tehran

Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo

Federal Institute of Education

Anthony Masaka

Botho University

Benjamin Ballard Massenburg

University of Washington

Pallab K Maulik

University of New South Wales (UNSW)

Benjamin K. Mayala

University of Washington

Mohsen Mazidi

Chalmers, Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science

Martin McKee

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Ravi Mehrotra

National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research

Kala M. Mehta

University of California

Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles

Arba Minch University

Walter Mendoza

United Nations Population Fund

Ritesh G. Menezes

Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU)

Atte Meretoja

Helsinki University Central Hospital

Tuomo J. Meretoja

Helsinki University Central Hospital

Tomislav Mestrovic

Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic

Ted R. Miller

Curtin University

Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie

University of Washington

Edward J. Mills

McMaster University

George J. Milne

University of Western Australia

G.K. Mini

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences

Seyed Mostafa Mir

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Hamed Mirjalali

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Erkin M. Mirrakhimov

Kyrgyz State Medical Academy

Efat Mohamadi

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Dara K. Mohammad

Karolinska Institutet

Aso Mohammad Darwesh

University of Human Development

Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji

Hamedan University of Medical Sciences

Ammas Siraj Mohammed

Haramaya University

Shafiu Mohammed

Heidelberg University

Ali H. Mokdad

University of Washington

Mariam Molokhia

King's College London

Lorenzo Monasta

IRCCS Burlo Garofolo

Yoshan Moodley

University of KwaZulu-Natal

Mahmood Moosazadeh

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Ghobad Moradi

Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences

Masoud Moradi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Yousef Moradi

Tehran

Maziar Moradi-Lakeh

Tehran

Mehdi Moradinazar

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Paula Moraga

University of Bath

Lidia Morawska

Queensland University of Technology (QUT)

Abbas Mosapour

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Seyyed Meysam Mousavi

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Ulrich O. Mueller

Federal Institute for Population Research

Atalay Goshu Muluneh

University of Gondar

Ghulam Mustafa

Nishtar Medical University

Behnam Nabavizadeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Mehdi Naderi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan

Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development

Azin Nahvijou

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Farid Najafi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Vinay Nangia

Suraj Eye Institute

Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe

South African Medical Research Council

Nahid Neamati

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Ionut Negoi

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Ruxandra Irina Negoi

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri

University of Embu

Huong Lan Thi Nguyen

Duy Tan University

Long Nguyen

Nguyen Tat Thanh University

Son Hoang Nguyen

Nguyen Tat Thanh University

Katie R. Nielsen

University of Washington

Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum

Public Health Science Department

Yirga Legesse Nirayo

Mekelle University

Molly R. Nixon

University of Washington

Chukwudi A. Nnaji

South African Medical Research Council

Marzieh Nojomi

Tehran

Mehdi Noroozi

University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences

Shirin Nosratnejad

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Jean Jacques N. Noubiap

University of Cape Town

Soraya Nouraei Motlagh

Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

Richard Ofori-Asenso

Monash University

Felix Akpojene Ogbo

Western Sydney University

Kelechi E. Oladimeji

University of KwaZulu-Natal

Andrew Toyin Olagunju

McMaster University

Meysam Olfatifar

A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital

Solomon Olum

Gulu University

Andreea Mirica

Center for Healthy Start Initiative

Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu

University of Ibadan

Obinna E. Onwujekwe

Nsukka

Eyal Oren

University of Washington

Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano

National Institute of Public Health

Alberto Ortiz

Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)

Osayomwanbo Osarenotor

University of Benin

Frank B. Osei

University of Twente

Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman

University of Washington

Stanislav S Otstavnov

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Mayowa Ojo Owolabi

University of Ibadan

P. Mahesh

JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research

Abdol Sattar Pagheh

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Smita Pakhale

Ottawa Hospital Research Institute

Songhomitra Panda-Jonas

Heidelberg University

Animika Pandey

Public Health Foundation of India

Eun-Kee Park

College of Medicine

Hadi Parsian

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Tahereh Pashaei

Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences

Sangram Kishor Patel

Population Council

Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito

Ateneo de Manila University

Alexandre Pereira

Harvard University

Samantha Perkins

University of Washington

Brandon V. Pickering

University of Washington

Thomas Pilgrim

University of Bern

Majid Pirestani

Tarbiat Modares University

Bakhtiar Piroozi

Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences

Meghdad Pirsaheb

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Oleguer Plana-Ripoll

Aarhus University

Hadi Pourjafar

Maragheh University of Medical Sciences

Parul Puri

International Institute for Population Sciences

Mostafa Qorbani

Alborz University of Medical Sciences

Hedley Knewjen Quintana

Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies

Mohammad Rabiee

Amirkabir University of Technology

Navid Rabiee

Sharif University of Technology

Amir Radfar

A T Still University

Alireza Rafiei

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Fakher Rahim

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Zohreh Rahimi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

V. Rahimi-Movaghar

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Shadi Rahimzadeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Fatemeh Rajati

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Sree Bhushan Raju

Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences

Azra Ramezankhani

Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences

Chhabi Lal Ranabhat

Policy Research Institute

Davide Rasella

Federal University of Bahia

Vahid Rashedi

Tehran

Lal Rawal

Western Sydney University

Robert C. Reiner

University of Washington

Andre M.N. Renzaho

Western Sydney University

Satar Rezaei

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Aziz Rezapour

Tehran

Seyed Mohammad Riahi

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Ana Isabel Ribeiro

University of Porto

Leonardo Roever

Federal University of Uberlândia

Elias Merdassa Roro

Addis Ababa University

Max Roser

University of Oxford

Gholamreza Roshandel

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Daem Roshani

Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences

Ali Rostami

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Enrico Rubagotti

Universidad Regional Amazónica

Salvatore Rubino

University of Sassari

Siamak Sabour

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Nafis Sadat

University of Washington

Ehsan Sadeghi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Reza Saeedi

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Yahya Safari

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Roya Safari-Faramani

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Mahdi Safdarian

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Amirhossein Sahebkar

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Mohammad Reza Salahshoor

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Nasir Salam

Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University

Payman Salamati

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Farkhonde Salehi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Saleh Salehi Zahabi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Yahya Salimi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Hamideh Salimzadeh

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Joshua A. Salomon

Stanford University

Evanson Zondani Sambala

South African Medical Research Council

Abdallah M. Samy

Ain Shams University

Milena M. Santric Milicevic

University of Belgrade

Bruno Piassi Sao Jose

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy

PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research

Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez

Faculty of Medicine

Benn Sartorius

School of Medicine

Brijesh Sathian

Hamad Medical Corporation

Bo Norrving

Imperial College London

Alyssa N. Sbarra

University of Washington

Lauren E. Schaeffer

University of Washington

David C. Schwebel

University of Alabama

Sadaf G. Sepanlou

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Faramarz Shaahmadi

Alborz University of Medical Sciences

Masood Ali Shaikh

Independent Consultant

Mehran Shams-Beyranvand

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Amir Shamshirian

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Morteza Shamsizadeh

Hamedan University of Medical Sciences

Kiomars Sharafi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Mehdi Sharif

Islamic Azad University

Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Hamid Sharifi

Kerman University of Medical Sciences

Jayendra Sharma

Saudi Ministry of Health

Rajesh Sharma

Delhi Technological University

Aziz Sheikh

Harvard University

Chloe Shields

University of Washington

Mika Shigematsu

National Institute of Infectious Diseases

Rahman Shiri

Työterveyslaitos

Ivy Shiue

Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg

Kerem Shuval

University of Haifa

Tariq J Siddiqi

Dow University of Health Sciences

Joao Pedro Silva

University of Porto

Jasvinder A. Singh

University of Alabama

Dhirendra Narain Sinha

School of Preventive Oncology

Malede Mequanent Sisay

University of Gondar

Solomon Sisay

German Leprosy and TB Relief Association Ethiopia

Karen Sliwa

University of Cape Town

David L Smith

University of Washington

Ranjani Somayaji

University of Washington

Moslem Soofi

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Joan B. Soriano

Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IISP)

Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy

International Medical University

Agus Sudaryanto

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan

Ahmadu Bello University

Bryan L. Sykes

University of California at Irvine (UCI)

P.N. Sylaja

Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology

Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos

Institute of Health Carlos III

Karen M. Tabb

University of Illinois

Takahiro Tabuchi

Osaka International Cancer Institute

Nuno Taveira

University Institute Egas Moniz

Mohamad-Hani Temsah

King Saud University

Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi

University of Virginia

Zemenu Tadesse Tessema

University of Gondar

Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan

Central University of Kerala

Sathish Thirunavukkarasu

Nanyang Technological University

Quyen G. To

Queensland University of Technology (QUT)

Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone

University of Sao Paulo (USP)

Bach Xuan Tran

Hanoi Medical University

Khanh Bao Tran

University of Auckland

Irfan Ullah

Gomal University

Muhammad Shariq Usman

Dow University of Health Sciences

Olalekan A. Uthman

The University of Warwick

Amir Vahedian-Azimi

Trauma Research Center

Pascual Rubén Valdez

Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires

Job F.M. Van Boven

University of Groningen

Tommi Vasankari

UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research

Yasser Vasseghian

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Yousef Veisani

Ilam University of Medical Sciences

Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian

Raffles Hospital

Francesco S. Violante

University of Bologna

Sergey K. Vladimirov

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov

National Research University Higher School of Economics

Theo Vos

University of Washington

Giang Thu Vu

Nguyen Tat Thanh University

Isidora S Vujcic

University of Belgrade

Yasir Waheed

Foundation University Medical College

Jon Wakefield

University of Washington

Haidong Wang

University of Washington

Yafeng Wang

Wuhan University

Yuan-Pang Wang

University of Sao Paulo (USP)

Joseph L. Ward

University College London (UCL)

Robert G. Weintraub

Royal Children's Hospital

Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs

Mekelle University

Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel

Aksum University

Ronny Westerman

Federal Institute for Population Research

Charles Shey Wiysonge

South African Medical Research Council

Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash

Mekelle University

Lauren Woyczynski

University of Washington

Ai-Min Wu

Wenzhou Medical University

Gelin Xu

Nanjing University

Abbas Yadegar

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Tomohide Yamada

University of Tokyo

Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi

Kerman University of Medical Sciences

Christopher Sabo Yilgwan

University of Jos

Paul Yip

The University of Hong Kong

Naohiro Yonemoto

National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry

Javad Yoosefi Lebni

Tehran

Mustafa Z. Younis

Jackson State University

Mahmoud Yousefifard

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof

Cairo University

Chuanhua Yu

Wuhan University

Hasan Yusefzadeh

A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital

Erfan Zabeh

Sharif University of Technology

Telma Zahirian Moghadam

Tehran

Sojib Bin Zaman

International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh

Mohammad Zamani

Babol University of Medical Sciences

Hamed Zandian

Ardabil University of Medical Science

Alireza Zangeneh

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Taddese Alemu Zerfu

African Population Health Research Centre

Yunquan Zhang

Wuhan University

Arash Ziapour

Tehran

Sanjay Zodpey

Public Health Foundation of India

Christopher J.L. Murray

University of Washington

Simon I. Hay

University of Washington

Nature

0028-0836 (ISSN) 1476-4687 (eISSN)

Vol. 574 7778 353-358

Subject Categories

Pediatrics

Economics

Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology

DOI

10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0

PubMed

31619795

More information

Latest update

5/29/2024