Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017
Journal article, 2019
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.
Author
Roy Burstein
University of Washington
Nathaniel J. Henry
University of Washington
Michael L. Collison
University of Washington
Laurie B. Marczak
University of Washington
Amber Sligar
University of Washington
Stefanie Watson
University of Washington
Neal Marquez
University of Washington
Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Masoumeh Abbasi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Foad Abd-Allah
Cairo University
Amir Abdoli
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Abdollahi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ibrahim Abdollahpour
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader
Saudi Ministry of Health
Michael R. M. Abrigo
Philippine Institute for Development Studies
Dilaram Acharya
Dongguk University
Oladimeji M. Adebayo
University College Hospital
Victor Adekanmbi
Cardiff University
Davoud Adham
Ardabil University of Medical Science
Mahdi Afshari
Zabol University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Aghaali
School of Paramedical
Keivan Ahmadi
University of Lincoln
Mehdi Ahmadi
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Ehsan Ahmadpour
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Rushdia Ahmed
BRAC University
Chalachew Genet Akal
Bahar Dar University
Joshua O. Akinyemi
University of Ibadan
Fares Alahdab
Mayo Clinic
Noore Alam
Queensland Health
Genet Melak Alamene
Madda Walabu University
Kefyalew Addis Alene
University of Gondar
Mehran Alijanzadeh
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Cyrus Alinia
Urmia University of Medical Science
Vahid Alipour
Tehran
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
University of Kuwait
Mohammed J. Almalki
Jazan University
Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
Jazan University
Khalid Altirkawi
King Saud University
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
University of Cartagena
Adeladza Kofi Amegah
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Saeed Amini
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Arianna Maever Loreche Amit
University of the Philippines Manila
Zohreh Anbari
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Sofia Androudi
University of Thessaly
Mina Anjomshoa
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Fereshteh Ansari
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
University of the Philippines Manila
Jalal Arabloo
Tehran
Zohreh Arefi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Olatunde Aremu
Birmingham City University
Bahram Armoon
Saveh University of Medical Sciences
Amit Arora
Western Sydney University
Al Artaman
University of Manitoba
Anvar Asadi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi
Tehran
Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Reza Assadi
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Bahar Ataeinia
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sachin R. Atre
Johns Hopkins University
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
La Trobe University
Martin Amogre Ayanore
University of Health and Allied Sciences
Samad Azari
Tehran
Ebrahim Babaee
Tehran
Arefeh Babazadeh
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
Alaa Badawi
Public Health Agency of Canada
Soghra Bagheri
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mojtaba Bagherzadeh
Sharif University of Technology
Nafiseh Baheiraei
Tarbiat Modares University
Abbas Balouchi
Tehran
Aleksandra Barac
Clinical Center of Serbia
Quique Bassat
University of Barcelona
Bernhard T. Baune
Melbourne Medical School
Mohsen Bayati
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Neeraj Bedi
Jazan University
Ettore Beghi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Masoud Behzadifar
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Meysam Behzadifar
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Yared Belete Belay
Mekelle University
Brent Bell
University of Washington
Michelle L. Bell
Yale University
Dessalegn Ajema Berbada
Arba Minch University
Robert S. Bernstein
Emory University
Natalia V. Bhattacharjee
University of Washington
Suraj Bhattarai
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Ali Bijani
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Somayeh Bohlouli
Islamic Azad University
Nicholas J.K. Breitborde
Ohio State University
Gabrielle Britton
Neuroscience Department
Annie J. Browne
University of Oxford
Sharath Burugina Nagaraja
Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital
Reinhard Busse
Technische Universität Berlin
Zahid A. Butt
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Josip Car
Nanyang Technological University
Rosario Cárdenas
Metropolitan Autonomous University
Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Ester Cerin
Australian Catholic University
Wagaye Fentahun Chanie
University of Gondar
Pranab Chatterjee
National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases
Dinh-Toi Chu
Hanoi National University of Education
Cyrus Cooper
University of Oxford
Vera M. Costa
University of Porto
Koustuv Dalal
Institute of Public Health Kalyani
Lalit Dandona
University of Washington
Rakhi Dandona
University of Washington
Farah Daoud
University of Washington
Ahmad Daryani
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Rajat Das Gupta
BRAC University
Ian Davis
University of Washington
Nicole Davis Weaver
University of Washington
Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Jan-Walter De Neve
Heidelberg University
Feleke Mekonnen Demeke
Bahar Dar University
Gebre Demoz
Aksum University
Kebede Deribe
Addis Ababa University
Rupak Desai
Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Aniruddha Deshpande
University of Washington
Hanna Demelash Desyibelew
Bahar Dar University
Sagnik Dey
Indian Institute of Technology
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
University of Washington
Meghnath Dhimal
Nepal Health Research Council
Daniel Diaz
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Leila Doshmangir
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Andre R. Duraes
Federal University of Bahia
Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
University of Washington
Lucas Earl
University of Washington
Roya Ebrahimi
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Soheil Ebrahimpour
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
Andem Effiong
University of Newcastle
Aziz Eftekhari
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Elham Ehsani-Chimeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iman El Sayed
Alexandria University
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Mansoura University
Maha El Tantawi
Alexandria University
Ziad El-Khatib
Karolinska Institutet
Mohammad Hassan Emamian
Shahroud University of Medical Sciences
Shymaa Enany
Suez Canal University
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Oghenowede Eyawo
British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS
Maha Ezalarab
University of Washington
Mahbobeh Faramarzi
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Fareed
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Roghiyeh Faridnia
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Andre Faro
Federal University of Sergipe
Ali Akbar Fazaeli
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Fazlzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Netsanet Fentahun
Bahar Dar University
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Karolinska Institutet
João C. Fernandes
Catholic University of Portugal
Irina Filip
Kaiser Permanente
Florian Fischer
Bielefeld University
Nataliya A. Foigt
Academy of Medical Science
Masoud Foroutan
Abadan School of Medical Sciences
Joel Msafiri Francis
University of Witwatersrand
Takeshi Fukumoto
Cancer Institute (W.I.A.)
Nancy Fullman
University of Washington
Silvano Gallus
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Destallem Gebremedhin Gebre
Mekelle University
Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot
Jimma University
Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel
Mekelle University
Bradford D. Gessner
Pfizer
Birhanu Geta
Wollo University
Peter W. Gething
University of Oxford
Reza Ghadimi
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Keyghobad Ghadiri
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ahmad Ghashghaee
Tehran
Paramjit Singh Gill
The University of Warwick
Tiffany K. Gill
University of Adelaide
Nick Golding
University of Melbourne
Nelson G. M. Gomes
University of Porto
Philimon N. Gona
University of Massachusetts Boston
Sameer Vali Gopalani
University of Oklahoma
Giuseppe Gorini
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute
Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Nicholas Graetz
University of Washington
Felix Greaves
Imperial College London
Manfred S. Green
University of Haifa
Yuming Guo
Monash University
Arya Haj-Mirzaian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Brian James Hall
University of Macau
Samer Hamidi
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Hamidreza Haririan
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Josep Maria Haro
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM)
Milad Hasankhani
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Edris Hasanpoor
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Amir Hasanzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hadi Hassankhani
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Hamid Yimam Hassen
Mizan Tepi University
Mohamed I. Hegazy
Cairo University
Delia Hendrie
Curtin University
Fatemeh Heydarpour
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Thomas R. Hird
Monash University
Chi Linh Hoang
Nguyen Tat Thanh University
Gillian Hollerich
University of Washington
Enayatollah Homaie Rad
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Naznin Hossain
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Tehran
Mihaela Hostiuc
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Sorin Hostiuc
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Mowafa Househ
Hamad Bin Khalifa University
Mohamed Hsairi
Medicine School of Tunis
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
University of Ibadan
Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Usman Iqbal
Taipei Medical University
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Nazrul Islam
University of Cambridge
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Deakin University
Mikk Jürisson
University of Tartu
Nader Jafari Balalami
Babol Nushirvani University of Technology
Amir Jalali
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Javad Javidnia
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
University of Colombo
Ensiyeh Jenabi
A T Still University
John S. Ji
Duke Kunshan University
Yash B. Jobanputra
University of Miami
Kimberly Johnson
University of Washington
Jost B. Jonas
Heidelberg University
Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Jacek Józwiak
University of Opole
Ali Kabir
Tehran
Amaha Kahsay
Mekelle University
Hamed Kalani
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Rohollah Kalhor
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Manoochehr Karami
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Surendra Karki
Australian Red Cross Blood Service
Amir Kasaeian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Nicholas J Kassebaum
University of Washington
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
University of Nairobi
Grant Rodgers Kemp
University of Washington
Roghayeh Khabiri
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Yousef Saleh Khader
Public Health and Family Medicine
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Ejaz Ahmad Khan
Health Services Academy
Junaid Khan
International Institute for Population Sciences
Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County
Young-Ho Khang
Seoul National University
Khaled Khatab
Sheffield Hallam University
Amir Khater
National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute
Mona M. Khater
Cairo University
Alireza Khatony
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Khazaei
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Salman Khazaei
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Maryam Khazaei-Pool
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Jagdish Khubchandani
Ball State University
Neda Kianipour
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Yun Jin Kim
Xiamen University Malaysia
Ruth W. Kimokoti
Simmons College
Damaris K. Kinyoki
University of Washington
Adnan Kisa
Kristiania University College
Sezer Kisa
Oslo Metropolitan University
Tufa Kolola
Debre Berhan University
Soewarta Kosen
Independent Consultant
Parvaiz A. Koul
Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Ai Koyanagi
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies
Moritz U. G. Kraemer
University of Oxford
Kewal Krishan
Panjab University
Kristopher J. Krohn
University of Washington
Nuworza Kugbey
University of Health and Allied Sciences
G. Anil Kumar
Public Health Foundation of India
Manasi Kumar
University of Nairobi
Pushpendra Kumar
International Institute for Population Sciences
Desmond Kuupiel
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Ben Lacey
University of Oxford
Sheetal D Lad
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Faris Hasan Lami
Academy of Medical Science
Anders Larsson
Uppsala University
Paul H. Lee
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Mostafa Leili
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Aubrey J. Levine
University of Washington
Shanshan Li
Monash University
Lee-Ling Lim
University of Malaya
Stefan Listl
Radboud University
Joshua Longbottom
University of Liverpool
Jaifred Christian F. Lopez
University of the Philippines Manila
Stefan Lorkowski
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Sameh Magdeldin
Suez Canal University
Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek
Damietta University
Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek
Aswan University
Azeem Majeed
Imperial College London
Afshin Maleki
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Reza Malekzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Deborah Carvalho Malta
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Abdullah A. Mamun
University of Queensland
Navid Manafi
Tehran
Ana-Laura Manda
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Morteza Mansourian
Tehran
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo
Federal Institute of Education
Anthony Masaka
Botho University
Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
University of Washington
Pallab K Maulik
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Benjamin K. Mayala
University of Washington
Mohsen Mazidi
Chalmers, Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science
Martin McKee
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Ravi Mehrotra
National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
Kala M. Mehta
University of California
Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles
Arba Minch University
Walter Mendoza
United Nations Population Fund
Ritesh G. Menezes
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU)
Atte Meretoja
Helsinki University Central Hospital
Tuomo J. Meretoja
Helsinki University Central Hospital
Tomislav Mestrovic
Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic
Ted R. Miller
Curtin University
Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie
University of Washington
Edward J. Mills
McMaster University
George J. Milne
University of Western Australia
G.K. Mini
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
Seyed Mostafa Mir
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Hamed Mirjalali
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Efat Mohamadi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Dara K. Mohammad
Karolinska Institutet
Aso Mohammad Darwesh
University of Human Development
Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Ammas Siraj Mohammed
Haramaya University
Shafiu Mohammed
Heidelberg University
Ali H. Mokdad
University of Washington
Mariam Molokhia
King's College London
Lorenzo Monasta
IRCCS Burlo Garofolo
Yoshan Moodley
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Mahmood Moosazadeh
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Ghobad Moradi
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Masoud Moradi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Yousef Moradi
Tehran
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Tehran
Mehdi Moradinazar
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Paula Moraga
University of Bath
Lidia Morawska
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
Abbas Mosapour
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ulrich O. Mueller
Federal Institute for Population Research
Atalay Goshu Muluneh
University of Gondar
Ghulam Mustafa
Nishtar Medical University
Behnam Nabavizadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Naderi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development
Azin Nahvijou
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Farid Najafi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Vinay Nangia
Suraj Eye Institute
Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe
South African Medical Research Council
Nahid Neamati
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Ionut Negoi
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri
University of Embu
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen
Duy Tan University
Long Nguyen
Nguyen Tat Thanh University
Son Hoang Nguyen
Nguyen Tat Thanh University
Katie R. Nielsen
University of Washington
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
Public Health Science Department
Yirga Legesse Nirayo
Mekelle University
Molly R. Nixon
University of Washington
Chukwudi A. Nnaji
South African Medical Research Council
Marzieh Nojomi
Tehran
Mehdi Noroozi
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Shirin Nosratnejad
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Jean Jacques N. Noubiap
University of Cape Town
Soraya Nouraei Motlagh
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Richard Ofori-Asenso
Monash University
Felix Akpojene Ogbo
Western Sydney University
Kelechi E. Oladimeji
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Andrew Toyin Olagunju
McMaster University
Meysam Olfatifar
A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital
Solomon Olum
Gulu University
Andreea Mirica
Center for Healthy Start Initiative
Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu
University of Ibadan
Obinna E. Onwujekwe
Nsukka
Eyal Oren
University of Washington
Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano
National Institute of Public Health
Alberto Ortiz
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)
Osayomwanbo Osarenotor
University of Benin
Frank B. Osei
University of Twente
Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman
University of Washington
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Mayowa Ojo Owolabi
University of Ibadan
P. Mahesh
JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Abdol Sattar Pagheh
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Smita Pakhale
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
Heidelberg University
Animika Pandey
Public Health Foundation of India
Eun-Kee Park
College of Medicine
Hadi Parsian
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Tahereh Pashaei
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Sangram Kishor Patel
Population Council
Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito
Ateneo de Manila University
Alexandre Pereira
Harvard University
Samantha Perkins
University of Washington
Brandon V. Pickering
University of Washington
Thomas Pilgrim
University of Bern
Majid Pirestani
Tarbiat Modares University
Bakhtiar Piroozi
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Meghdad Pirsaheb
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Oleguer Plana-Ripoll
Aarhus University
Hadi Pourjafar
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Parul Puri
International Institute for Population Sciences
Mostafa Qorbani
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Hedley Knewjen Quintana
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
Mohammad Rabiee
Amirkabir University of Technology
Navid Rabiee
Sharif University of Technology
Amir Radfar
A T Still University
Alireza Rafiei
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Fakher Rahim
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Zohreh Rahimi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
V. Rahimi-Movaghar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Shadi Rahimzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Fatemeh Rajati
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Sree Bhushan Raju
Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
Azra Ramezankhani
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Policy Research Institute
Davide Rasella
Federal University of Bahia
Vahid Rashedi
Tehran
Lal Rawal
Western Sydney University
Robert C. Reiner
University of Washington
Andre M.N. Renzaho
Western Sydney University
Satar Rezaei
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Aziz Rezapour
Tehran
Seyed Mohammad Riahi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ana Isabel Ribeiro
University of Porto
Leonardo Roever
Federal University of Uberlândia
Elias Merdassa Roro
Addis Ababa University
Max Roser
University of Oxford
Gholamreza Roshandel
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Daem Roshani
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Ali Rostami
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Enrico Rubagotti
Universidad Regional Amazónica
Salvatore Rubino
University of Sassari
Siamak Sabour
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Nafis Sadat
University of Washington
Ehsan Sadeghi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Reza Saeedi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Yahya Safari
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Roya Safari-Faramani
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mahdi Safdarian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Reza Salahshoor
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Nasir Salam
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Payman Salamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Farkhonde Salehi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Saleh Salehi Zahabi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Yahya Salimi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Hamideh Salimzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Joshua A. Salomon
Stanford University
Evanson Zondani Sambala
South African Medical Research Council
Abdallah M. Samy
Ain Shams University
Milena M. Santric Milicevic
University of Belgrade
Bruno Piassi Sao Jose
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez
Faculty of Medicine
Benn Sartorius
School of Medicine
Brijesh Sathian
Hamad Medical Corporation
Bo Norrving
Imperial College London
Alyssa N. Sbarra
University of Washington
Lauren E. Schaeffer
University of Washington
David C. Schwebel
University of Alabama
Sadaf G. Sepanlou
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Faramarz Shaahmadi
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Masood Ali Shaikh
Independent Consultant
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Amir Shamshirian
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Morteza Shamsizadeh
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Kiomars Sharafi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Sharif
Islamic Azad University
Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hamid Sharifi
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Jayendra Sharma
Saudi Ministry of Health
Rajesh Sharma
Delhi Technological University
Aziz Sheikh
Harvard University
Chloe Shields
University of Washington
Mika Shigematsu
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Rahman Shiri
Työterveyslaitos
Ivy Shiue
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Kerem Shuval
University of Haifa
Tariq J Siddiqi
Dow University of Health Sciences
Joao Pedro Silva
University of Porto
Jasvinder A. Singh
University of Alabama
Dhirendra Narain Sinha
School of Preventive Oncology
Malede Mequanent Sisay
University of Gondar
Solomon Sisay
German Leprosy and TB Relief Association Ethiopia
Karen Sliwa
University of Cape Town
David L Smith
University of Washington
Ranjani Somayaji
University of Washington
Moslem Soofi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Joan B. Soriano
Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IISP)
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
International Medical University
Agus Sudaryanto
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan
Ahmadu Bello University
Bryan L. Sykes
University of California at Irvine (UCI)
P.N. Sylaja
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
Institute of Health Carlos III
Karen M. Tabb
University of Illinois
Takahiro Tabuchi
Osaka International Cancer Institute
Nuno Taveira
University Institute Egas Moniz
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
King Saud University
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
University of Virginia
Zemenu Tadesse Tessema
University of Gondar
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan
Central University of Kerala
Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
Nanyang Technological University
Quyen G. To
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Bach Xuan Tran
Hanoi Medical University
Khanh Bao Tran
University of Auckland
Irfan Ullah
Gomal University
Muhammad Shariq Usman
Dow University of Health Sciences
Olalekan A. Uthman
The University of Warwick
Amir Vahedian-Azimi
Trauma Research Center
Pascual Rubén Valdez
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
Job F.M. Van Boven
University of Groningen
Tommi Vasankari
UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research
Yasser Vasseghian
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Yousef Veisani
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Raffles Hospital
Francesco S. Violante
University of Bologna
Sergey K. Vladimirov
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Theo Vos
University of Washington
Giang Thu Vu
Nguyen Tat Thanh University
Isidora S Vujcic
University of Belgrade
Yasir Waheed
Foundation University Medical College
Jon Wakefield
University of Washington
Haidong Wang
University of Washington
Yafeng Wang
Wuhan University
Yuan-Pang Wang
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Joseph L. Ward
University College London (UCL)
Robert G. Weintraub
Royal Children's Hospital
Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs
Mekelle University
Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel
Aksum University
Ronny Westerman
Federal Institute for Population Research
Charles Shey Wiysonge
South African Medical Research Council
Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
Mekelle University
Lauren Woyczynski
University of Washington
Ai-Min Wu
Wenzhou Medical University
Gelin Xu
Nanjing University
Abbas Yadegar
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Tomohide Yamada
University of Tokyo
Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Christopher Sabo Yilgwan
University of Jos
Paul Yip
The University of Hong Kong
Naohiro Yonemoto
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
Javad Yoosefi Lebni
Tehran
Mustafa Z. Younis
Jackson State University
Mahmoud Yousefifard
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof
Cairo University
Chuanhua Yu
Wuhan University
Hasan Yusefzadeh
A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital
Erfan Zabeh
Sharif University of Technology
Telma Zahirian Moghadam
Tehran
Sojib Bin Zaman
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Mohammad Zamani
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Hamed Zandian
Ardabil University of Medical Science
Alireza Zangeneh
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Taddese Alemu Zerfu
African Population Health Research Centre
Yunquan Zhang
Wuhan University
Arash Ziapour
Tehran
Sanjay Zodpey
Public Health Foundation of India
Christopher J.L. Murray
University of Washington
Simon I. Hay
University of Washington
Nature
0028-0836 (ISSN) 1476-4687 (eISSN)
Vol. 574 7778 353-358Subject Categories
Pediatrics
Economics
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
DOI
10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0
PubMed
31619795