ALMA images the many faces of the NGC 1068 torus and its surroundings
Journal article, 2019

Aims. We investigate the fueling and the feedback of nuclear activity in the nearby (D = 14 Mpc) Seyfert 2 barred galaxy NGC 1068 by studying the distribution and kinematics of molecular gas in the torus and its connections to the host galaxy disk. Methods.We used the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA ) to image the emission of a set of molecular gas tracers in the circumnuclear disk (CND) and the torus of the galaxy using the CO(2-1), CO(3-2), and HCO+(4-3) lines and their underlying continuum emission with high spatial resolutions (0:0300 0:0900 ' 26 pc). These transitions, which span a wide range of physical conditions of molecular gas (n(H2) 103107 cm3), are instrumental in revealing the density radial stratification and the complex kinematics of the gas in the torus and its surroundings. Results. The ALMA images resolve the CND as an asymmetric ringed disk of D ' 400 pc in size and '1:4 108 M in mass. The CND shows a marked deficit of molecular gas in its central '130 pc region. The inner edge of the ring is associated with the presence of edge-brightened arcs of NIR polarized emission, which are identified with the current working surface of the ionized wind of the active galactic nucleus (AGN). ALMA proves the existence of an elongated molecular disk/torus in NGC 1068 of Mgas torus ' 3 105 M, which extends over a large range of spatial scales D ' 1030 pc around the central engine. The new observations evidence the density radial stratification of the torus: the HCO+(4-3) torus, with a full size DHCO+(43) = 11 0:6 pc, is a factor of between two and three smaller than its CO(2-1) and CO(3-2) counterparts, which have full sizes of DCO(32) = 26 0:6 pc and DCO(21) = 28 0:6 pc, respectively. This result brings into light the many faces of the molecular torus. The torus is connected to the CND through a network of molecular gas streamers detected inside the CND ring. The kinematics of molecular gas show strong departures from circular motions in the torus, the gas streamers, and the CND ring. These velocity field distortions are interconnected and are part of a 3D outflow that reflects the eects of AGN feedback on the kinematics of molecular gas across a wide range of spatial scales around the central engine. In particular, we estimate through modeling that a significant fraction of the gas inside the torus ('0:40:6 Mgas torus) and a comparable amount of mass along the gas streamers are outflowing. However, the bulk of the mass, momentum, and energy of the molecular outflow of NGC 1068 is contained at larger radii in the CND region, where the AGN wind and the radio jet are currently pushing the gas assembled at the Inner Lindblad Resonance (ILR) ring of the nuclear stellar bar. Conclusions. In our favored scenario a wide-angle AGN wind launched from the accretion disk of NGC1068 is currently impacting a sizable fraction of the gas inside the torus. However, a large gas reservoir ('1:21:8 105 M), which lies close to the equatorial plane of the torus, remains unaected by the feedback of the AGN wind and can therefore continue fueling the AGN for at least '14 Myr. Nevertheless, AGN fueling currently seems thwarted on intermediate scales (15 pc r 50 pc).

Galaxies: Seyfert

Galaxies: ISM

Galaxies: nuclei

Radio lines: galaxies

Galaxies: individual: NGC 1068

Galaxies: kinematics and dynamics

Author

S. G. Burillo

Spanish National Observatory (OAN)

F. Combes

Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)

C. Ramos Almeida

University of La Laguna

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

A. Usero

Spanish National Observatory (OAN)

A. Alonso-Herrero

European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)

L. K. Hunt

Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

D. Rouan

Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)

Susanne Aalto

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics

M. Querejeta

Spanish National Observatory (OAN)

European Southern Observatory (ESO)

Serena Viti

University College London (UCL)

P. van der Werf

Leiden University

H. Vives-Arias

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

A. Fuente

Spanish National Observatory (OAN)

L. Colina

European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)

J. Martin-Pintado

European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)

C. Henkel

King Abdulaziz University

Max Planck Society

S. Martin

Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA)

European Southern Observatory Santiago

M. Krips

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

D. Gratadour

Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)

R. Neri

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

L. J. Tacconi

Max Planck Society

Astronomy and Astrophysics

0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)

Vol. 632 201936606

Subject Categories

Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology

DOI

10.1051/0004-6361/201936606

More information

Latest update

3/29/2022