Natural corrosion in reinforced concrete structures
Doctoral thesis, 2021
Naturally corroded specimens are hence the necessary bridge between the knowledge acquired from artificially corroded specimens and the application to real structures.
This works investigates the structural effects of natural, chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Specifically, three research questions were investigated.
First, the bond and anchorage of naturally corroded plain bars was studied using 3-point bending and pull-out tests. The tests were designed to be applied to specimens taken from a decommissioned bridge from the 1930s. The bond capacity of plain bars was observed to be significantly higher than in results obtained from laboratory tests on similar bars. Significant factors influencing the effect of corrosion damages on the bond were casting position and presence of stirrups. Finite element analyses were used to further investigate the bond-slip behaviour of the tested specimens. The results highlighted the effect of the loss of bond at yielding on the structural behaviour of the specimens. The second question looked into the characteristics of the corrosion products and the surrounding concrete; this is relevant to assess corrosion damages in existing structures. Neutron imaging and X-ray computed tomography were used to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on corrosion damages in a naturally corroded specimens, including iron to rust ratio. Comparison with an artificially corroded specimen showed differences in distribution of the corrosion products. Finally, possible correlations between transversal cracks and corrosion damages was investigated. A dataset was compiled from experiments available in literature. In the selected studies, corrosion of the steel reinforcement resulted from exposing laboratory specimens, pre-cracked in 3-point bending, to chloride environments. No clear correlation between surface crack width and corrosion characteristics was found, but corrosion pits were shown to likely appear in the proximity of transveral cracks.
To conclude, this work highlights the complexity of the corrosion process and argues that a thorough understanding of the material and environmental characteristics influencing this process is necessary to properly assess existing structures. Tests on naturally corroded structures are a fundamental step towards acquiring this knowledge.
Natural corrosion
pitting corrosion
reinforced concrete structures
chloride-induced corrosion.
neutron imaging
anchorage
plain bars
X-rays CT
Author
Samanta Robuschi
Chalmers, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering
A closer look at corrosion of steel reinforcement bars in concrete using 3D neutron and X-ray computed tomography
Cement and Concrete Research,;Vol. 144(2021)
Journal article
Numerical assessment of bond-slip relationships for naturally corroded plain reinforcement bars in concrete beams
Engineering Structures,;Vol. 239(2021)
Journal article
Anchorage of naturally corroded, plain reinforcement bars in flexural members
Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions,;Vol. 53(2020)
Journal article
Methodology for Testing Rebar-Concrete Bond in Specimens from Decommissioned Structures
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials,;Vol. 13(2019)
Journal article
Bond of naturally corroded, plain reinforcing bars in concrete
Structure and Infrastructure Engineering,;Vol. 17(2021)p. 792-808
Journal article
Impact of cracks on distribution of chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion
Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions,;Vol. 56(2023)
Journal article
Användningen av pålagd spänning resulterar i skillnader i typ och distribution av korrosionsprodukter jämfört med naturlig korrosion.
Studier av naturligt korroderade provkroppar är en nödvändig del för att överbrygga skillnaderna mellan den kunskap som erhållits från artificiellt korroderade provkroppar och tillämpning av denna på verkliga konstruktioner.
I detta arbete studerades den strukturella effekten av kloridinducerad, naturlig korrosion hos betongkonstruktioner.
Specifikt undersöktes tre forskningsfrågor. Först studerades vidhäftningshållfastheten hos naturligt korroderade släta armeringsstänger med hjälp av 3-punkts böjnings- och utdragsprov. Provkroppar togs från en bro som byggdes på 1930-talet. Vidhäftningshållfastheten som uppmättes i dessa prover var signifikant högre än den som erhölls i försök på liknande armeringsstänger i provkroppar producerade i laboratorier. Effekten av korroderande armeringsstål på vidhäftningshållfasthet påverkades av gjutposition och närvaro av armeringsbyglar. Finita elementanalyser användes för att ytterligare undersöka sambandet mellan vidhäftning och glidning. Resultaten tydliggjorde hur balkarnas bärning påverkades av förlusten av vidhäftningshållfasthet när armeringsstålet flöt. Den andra frågan undersökte korrosionsprodukternas fördelning och egenskaper vid gränsytan mellan stål och betong - detta är relevant för att bedöma korrosionsskador i befintliga konstruktioner.
Neutronskanning och röntgen användes för att erhålla kvalitativa och kvantitativa data om korrosion i en naturligt korroderad provkropp, inklusive volymförhållandet mellan stål och rost.
I jämförelse med en artificiellt korroderad provkropp påvisades skillnader i korrosionsprodukternas fördelning. Slutligen studerades korrelationen mellan tvärgående sprickors sprickbredd och korrosionsskador. Data sammanställdes från experiment tillgängliga i litteraturen.
I de utvalda studierna ingick balkar, förspräckta i 3-punktsböjning, utsatta för klorider i laboratoriemiljö. Ingen korrelation mellan sprickvidd och korrosion kunde påvisas, men gropfrätningar fanns med större sannolikhet i närheten av tvärgående sprickor. Sammanfattningsvis belyser detta arbete korrosionsprocessens komplexitet. En grundläggande förståelse av de material- och miljöegenskaper som påverkar denna process är nödvändig för att korrekt kunna bedöma befintliga konstruktioner. Försök på naturligt korroderade konstruktioner är ett grundläggande steg mot att förvärva denna kunskap.
This work focuses on natural, chloride-induced corrosion. In research, it is common to instead make use of induced currents to reduce the time needed for reinforcing steel to corrode. However, differences in type and distribution of corrosion products between natural and artificial corrosion are expected.
To study natural corrosion, tests specimens were taken from a decommissioned bridge, built in 1935. The effect of natural corrosion on the bond of plain bars, an old type of reinforcement bars in used up to the 1950s, was studied. Three-point bending and pull-out tests were conducted on specimens cut from the edge beams of the bridge. The study highlighted how the older materials and casting techniques used at the construction of the bridge affected the structural and bond behaviour of the specimens. The casting position of the bars (top-cast or bottom-cast) changed the effect of corrosion on bond-slip behaviour, with the bond of bottom-cast bar being more sensitive to the presence of corrosion products. Additionally, multimodal neutron and X-ray tomography was used to study the difference in composition and distribution of the corrosion products between a natural corroded specimen (from the same bridge) and an artificially corroded specimen. Corrosion was observed to start at macro-scopic voids at the steel/concrete interface in the naturally corroded specimen. Finally, data from experiments on the effect of transverse cracks on corrosion rate and distribution were compiled from literature, and statistical methods were used to investigate the relation between surface crack width and corrosion damages. The surface crack width of transverse cracks did not influence neither corrosion rate nor distribution.
To conclude, this works highlights the complexity of the corrosion process, and the importance of studying naturally corroded specimens, as a way to connect results inferred from well-defined laboratory specimens to the more complex reality of existing structures.
Assessment of the load-carrying capacity of existing structures with corroded smooth reinforcement bars
Formas (2016-00568), 2017-01-01 -- 2020-12-31.
Swedish Transport Administration (TRV 2017/39084 6454), 2017-01-01 -- 2020-12-31.
Effect of cracks on reinforcement corrosion (Cracor)
Swedish Transport Administration (TRV2019/108016), 2019-11-01 -- 2022-12-31.
Areas of Advance
Building Futures (2010-2018)
Subject Categories
Civil Engineering
Infrastructure Engineering
Other Civil Engineering
Infrastructure
C3SE (Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering)
ISBN
978-91-7905-547-9
Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. Ny serie: 5014
Publisher
Chalmers
Related datasets
Gullspång Pull-out Test Data Set [dataset]
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3675267