Natural corrosion in reinforced concrete structures
Doctoral thesis, 2021

Among the threats to the durability of concrete structures, corrosion of the reinforcement bars is undoubtedly the most common one. Corrosion damages impair safety and durability of infrastructure, and assessment of the safety is challenging due to the complex nature of the corrosion process. Furthermore, research on the topic often requires adapting results from short-time laboratory tests, where corrosion of the reinforcement bars is induced using impressed current, to the reality of existing structures. The use of impressed current results in differences in type and distribution of corrosion products.
Naturally corroded specimens are hence the necessary bridge between the knowledge acquired from artificially corroded specimens and the application to real structures.
This works investigates the structural effects of natural, chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Specifically, three research questions were investigated.
First, the bond and anchorage of naturally corroded plain bars was studied using 3-point bending and pull-out tests. The tests were designed to be applied to specimens taken from a decommissioned bridge from the 1930s. The bond capacity of plain bars was observed to be significantly higher than in results obtained from laboratory tests on similar bars. Significant factors influencing the effect of corrosion damages on the bond were casting position and presence of stirrups. Finite element analyses were used to further investigate the bond-slip behaviour of the tested specimens. The results highlighted the effect of the loss of bond at yielding on the structural behaviour of the specimens. The second question looked into the characteristics of the corrosion products and the surrounding concrete; this is relevant to assess corrosion damages in existing structures. Neutron imaging and X-ray computed tomography were used to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on corrosion damages in a naturally corroded specimens, including iron to rust ratio. Comparison with an artificially corroded specimen showed differences in distribution of the corrosion products. Finally, possible correlations between transversal cracks and corrosion damages was investigated. A dataset was compiled from experiments available in literature. In the selected studies, corrosion of the steel reinforcement resulted from exposing laboratory specimens, pre-cracked in 3-point bending, to chloride environments. No clear correlation between surface crack width and corrosion characteristics was found, but corrosion pits were shown to likely appear in the proximity of transveral cracks.
To conclude, this work highlights the complexity of the corrosion process and argues that a thorough understanding of the material and environmental characteristics influencing this process is necessary to properly assess existing structures. Tests on naturally corroded structures are a fundamental step towards acquiring this knowledge.

Natural corrosion

pitting corrosion

reinforced concrete structures

chloride-induced corrosion.

neutron imaging

anchorage

plain bars

X-rays CT

SB-S393
Opponent: Branko Savija, assistant professor, TU Delft, The Netherlands

Author

Samanta Robuschi

Chalmers, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering

Anchorage of naturally corroded, plain reinforcement bars in flexural members

Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions,;Vol. 53(2020)

Journal article

Methodology for Testing Rebar-Concrete Bond in Specimens from Decommissioned Structures

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials,;Vol. 13(2019)

Journal article

Bond of naturally corroded, plain reinforcing bars in concrete

Structure and Infrastructure Engineering,;Vol. 17(2021)p. 792-808

Journal article

Impact of cracks on distribution of chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion

Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions,;Vol. 56(2023)

Journal article

Korroderande armering är den vanligaste skadetypen i armerad betong. Korrosionsskador försämrar säkerheten och förkortar livslängden hos betongkonstruktioner, och korrosionsprocessens komplexitet gör bedömningar av säkerheten utmanande. Detta beror delvis på svårigheterna i att tolka resultat från accelererade laboratorieförsök med pålagd spänning för att korta korrosionstiden, för att förstå hur korrosion utvecklas i verkliga konstruktioner.
Användningen av pålagd spänning resulterar i skillnader i typ och distribution av korrosionsprodukter jämfört med naturlig korrosion.
Studier av naturligt korroderade provkroppar är en nödvändig del för att överbrygga skillnaderna mellan den kunskap som erhållits från artificiellt korroderade provkroppar och tillämpning av denna på verkliga konstruktioner.
I detta arbete studerades den strukturella effekten av kloridinducerad, naturlig korrosion hos betongkonstruktioner.
Specifikt undersöktes tre forskningsfrågor. Först studerades vidhäftningshållfastheten hos naturligt korroderade släta armeringsstänger med hjälp av 3-punkts böjnings- och utdragsprov. Provkroppar togs från en bro som byggdes på 1930-talet. Vidhäftningshållfastheten som uppmättes i dessa prover var signifikant högre än den som erhölls i försök på liknande armeringsstänger i provkroppar producerade i laboratorier. Effekten av korroderande armeringsstål på vidhäftningshållfasthet påverkades av gjutposition och närvaro av armeringsbyglar. Finita elementanalyser användes för att ytterligare undersöka sambandet mellan vidhäftning och glidning. Resultaten tydliggjorde hur balkarnas bärning påverkades av förlusten av vidhäftningshållfasthet när armeringsstålet flöt. Den andra frågan undersökte korrosionsprodukternas fördelning och egenskaper vid gränsytan mellan stål och betong - detta är relevant för att bedöma korrosionsskador i befintliga konstruktioner.
Neutronskanning och röntgen användes för att erhålla kvalitativa och kvantitativa data om korrosion i en naturligt korroderad provkropp, inklusive volymförhållandet mellan stål och rost.
I jämförelse med en artificiellt korroderad provkropp påvisades skillnader i korrosionsprodukternas fördelning. Slutligen studerades korrelationen mellan tvärgående sprickors sprickbredd och korrosionsskador. Data sammanställdes från experiment tillgängliga i litteraturen.
I de utvalda studierna ingick balkar, förspräckta i 3-punktsböjning, utsatta för klorider i laboratoriemiljö. Ingen korrelation mellan sprickvidd och korrosion kunde påvisas, men gropfrätningar fanns med större sannolikhet i närheten av tvärgående sprickor. Sammanfattningsvis belyser detta arbete korrosionsprocessens komplexitet. En grundläggande förståelse av de material- och miljöegenskaper som påverkar denna process är nödvändig för att korrekt kunna bedöma befintliga konstruktioner. Försök på naturligt korroderade konstruktioner är ett grundläggande steg mot att förvärva denna kunskap.

The major threat to the durability of reinforced concrete structures is corrosion of the reinforcement bars. Corrosion generally initiates after aggressive substances, such as chlorides, reach the reinforcement bars, and decrease safety and durability of the structure.
This work focuses on natural, chloride-induced corrosion. In research, it is common to instead make use of induced currents to reduce the time needed for reinforcing steel to corrode. However, differences in type and distribution of corrosion products between natural and artificial corrosion are expected.
To study natural corrosion, tests specimens were taken from a decommissioned bridge, built in 1935. The effect of natural corrosion on the bond of plain bars, an old type of reinforcement bars in used up to the 1950s, was studied. Three-point bending and pull-out tests were conducted on specimens cut from the edge beams of the bridge. The study highlighted how the older materials and casting techniques used at the construction of the bridge affected the structural and bond behaviour of the specimens. The casting position of the bars (top-cast or bottom-cast) changed the effect of corrosion on bond-slip behaviour, with the bond of bottom-cast bar being more sensitive to the presence of corrosion products. Additionally, multimodal neutron and X-ray tomography was used to study the difference in composition and distribution of the corrosion products between a natural corroded specimen (from the same bridge) and an artificially corroded specimen. Corrosion was observed to start at macro-scopic voids at the steel/concrete interface in the naturally corroded specimen. Finally, data from experiments on the effect of transverse cracks on corrosion rate and distribution were compiled from literature, and statistical methods were used to investigate the relation between surface crack width and corrosion damages. The surface crack width of transverse cracks did not influence neither corrosion rate nor distribution.
To conclude, this works highlights the complexity of the corrosion process, and the importance of studying naturally corroded specimens, as a way to connect results inferred from well-defined laboratory specimens to the more complex reality of existing structures.

Assessment of the load-carrying capacity of existing structures with corroded smooth reinforcement bars

Formas (2016-00568), 2017-01-01 -- 2020-12-31.

Swedish Transport Administration (TRV 2017/39084 6454), 2017-01-01 -- 2020-12-31.

Effect of cracks on reinforcement corrosion (Cracor)

Swedish Transport Administration (TRV2019/108016), 2019-11-01 -- 2022-12-31.

Areas of Advance

Building Futures (2010-2018)

Subject Categories

Civil Engineering

Infrastructure Engineering

Other Civil Engineering

Infrastructure

C3SE (Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering)

ISBN

978-91-7905-547-9

Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. Ny serie: 5014

Publisher

Chalmers

SB-S393

Online

Opponent: Branko Savija, assistant professor, TU Delft, The Netherlands

Related datasets

Gullspång Pull-out Test Data Set [dataset]

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3675267

More information

Latest update

11/12/2023