Confirmation of an He I evaporating atmosphere around the 650-Myr-old sub-Neptune HD 235088 b (TOI-1430 b) with CARMENES
Journal article, 2023
HD 235088 (TOI-1430) is a young star known to host a sub-Neptune-sized planet candidate. We validated the planetary nature of HD 235088 b with multiband photometry, refined its planetary parameters, and obtained a new age estimate of the host star, placing it at 600- 800 Myr. Previous spectroscopic observations of a single transit detected an excess absorption of He I coincident in time with the planet candidate transit. Here, we confirm the presence of He I in the atmosphere of HD 235088 b with one transit observed with CARMENES. We also detected hints of variability in the strength of the helium signal, with an absorption of -0.91 ± 0.11%, which is slightly deeper (2γ) than the previous measurement. Furthermore, we simulated the He I signal with a spherically symmetric 1D hydrodynamic model, finding that the upper atmosphere of HD 235088 b escapes hydrodynamically with a significant mass loss rate of (1.5-5) × 1010 g s-1 in a relatively cold outflow, with T = 3125 ±375 K, in the photon-limited escape regime. HD 235088 b (Rp = 2.045 ± 0.075 R⊕) is the smallest planet found to date with a solid atmospheric detection - not just of He I but any other atom or molecule. This positions it a benchmark planet for further analyses of evolving young sub-Neptune atmospheres.
Stars: individual: HD 235088
Planets and satellites: individual: HD 235088 b
Techniques: photometric
Planets and satellites: atmospheres
Techniques: spectroscopic
Author
J. Orell-Miquel
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
M. Lampon
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
M. López-Puertas
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
M. Mallorquín
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
F. Murgas
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
A. Peláez-Torres
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
Enric Palle
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
E. Esparza-Borges
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
J. Sanz-Forcada
European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)
H. M. Tabernero
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
L. Nortmann
University of Göttingen
E. Nagel
University of Göttingen
H. Parviainen
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
M. Zapatero-Osorio
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
J. A. Caballero
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
S. Czesla
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
C. Cifuentes
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
Giuseppe Morello
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
A. Quirrenbach
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
P. J. Amado
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
A. Fernández-Martín
Calar Alto Astronomical Observatory
A. Fukui
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
T. Henning
Max Planck Society
Kiyoe Kawauchi
University of Tokyo
Jerome P. De Leon
University of Tokyo
K. Molaverdikhani
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)
D. Montes
IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)
Norio Narita
University of Tokyo
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
A. Reiners
University of Göttingen
I. Ribas
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE) - CSIC
Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC)
A. Sánchez-López
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
A. Schweitzer
University of Hamburg
M. Stangret
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
F. Yan
University of Science and Technology of China
Astronomy and Astrophysics
0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)
Vol. 677 A56Subject Categories
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202346445