Vehicle and stationary batteries for a sustainable future: recent developments and challenges around second-life applications and recycling

Book chapter, 2023

Transportation is one of the biggest causes of air pollution in cities and responsible for approximately a quarter of Europe's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To implement a low-emission mobility policy, zero-emission automobiles and the electrification of our transportation infrastructure are essential. For successful electrification, batteries and other readily available energy storage devices are required to accommodate significant amounts of renewable energy whose production varies according to the weather. As a result, the market for batteries for mobile and stationary applications is expanding quickly. Given the significance of batteries in our quest to become carbon neutral, this chapter discusses current advancements in battery technology for stationary and mobile applications, recycling and second life uses and necessity of collaboration, traceability, and transparency in order to create an effective circular supply chain of batteries.