Glimmers in the Cosmic Dawn: A Census of the Youngest Supermassive Black Holes by Photometric Variability
Journal article, 2024
We report the first results from a deep near-infrared campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain late-epoch images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, 10-15 yr after the first epoch data were obtained. The main objectives are to search for faint active galactic nuclei (AGN) at high redshifts by virtue of their photometric variability and measure (or constrain) the comoving number density of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), n SMBH, at early times. In this Letter, we present an overview of the program and preliminary results concerning eight objects. Three variables are supernovae, two of which are apparently hostless with indeterminable redshifts, although one has previously been recorded as a z ≈ 6 object precisely because of its transient nature. Two further objects are clear AGN at z = 2.0 and 3.2, based on morphology and/or infrared spectroscopy from JWST. Three variable targets are identified at z = 6-7 that are also likely AGN candidates. These sources provide a first measure of n SMBH in the reionization epoch by photometric variability, which places a firm lower limit of 3 × 10−4 cMpc−3. After accounting for variability and luminosity incompleteness, we estimate n SMBH ≳ 8 × 10−3 cMpc−3, which is the largest value so far reported at these redshifts. This SMBH abundance is also strikingly similar to estimates of n SMBH in the local Universe. We discuss how these results test various theories for SMBH formation.
Author
Matthew J. Hayes
Oskar Klein Centre
Jonathan Tan
University of Virginia
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
R. S. Ellis
University College London (UCL)
Alice R. Young
Oskar Klein Centre
Vieri Cammelli
University of Trieste
Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
Jasbir Singh
University of Trieste
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. Runnholm
Oskar Klein Centre
A. Saxena
University of Oxford
Ragnhild Lunnan
Oskar Klein Centre
Benjamin W. Keller
College of Arts & Sciences
Pierluigi Monaco
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
University of Trieste
Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
N. Laporte
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
J. Melinder
Oskar Klein Centre
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 971 1 L16Massive Star Formation through the Universe (MSTAR)
European Commission (EC) (EC/H2020/788829), 2018-09-01 -- 2023-08-31.
Subject Categories
Subatomic Physics
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ad63a7