Low-mass runaways from the Orion Nebula Cluster – kinematic age constraints on star cluster formation

Journal article, 2025

In their early, formative stages star clusters can undergo rapid dynamical evolution leading to strong gravitational interactions and ejection of “runaway” stars at high velocities. While O/B runaway stars have been well studied, lower-mass runaways are so far very poorly characterized, even though they are expected to be much more common. We carried out spectroscopic observations with MAG2-MIKE to follow-up 27 high priority candidate runaways consistent with having been ejected from the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) > 2.5 Myr ago, based on Gaia astrometry. We derive spectroscopic youth indicators (Li and H α) and radial velocities, enabling detection of bona fide runaway stars via signatures of youth and 3D traceback. We successfully confirmed 11 of the candidates as low-mass Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) on the basis of our spectroscopic criteria and derived radial velocities (RVs) with which we performed 3D traceback analysis. Three of these confirmed YSOs have kinematic ejection ages > 4 Myr, with the oldest being 4.7 Myr. Assuming that these stars indeed formed in the ONC and were then ejected, this yields an estimate for the overall formation time of the ONC to be at least ~ 5 Myr, i.e. about 10 free-fall times, and with a mean star formation efficiency per free-fall time of ⋶ff ≲ 0.05. These results favour a scenario of slow, quasi-equilibrium star cluster formation, regulated by magnetic fields and/or protostellar outflow feedback.