Search for Neutrino Doublets and Triplets Using 11.4 yr of IceCube Data
Journal article, 2025

We report a search for high-energy astrophysical neutrino multiplets, detections of multiple neutrino clusters in the same direction within 30 days, based on an analysis of 11.4 yr of IceCube data. A new search method optimized for transient neutrino emission with a monthly timescale is employed, providing a higher sensitivity to neutrino fluxes. This result is sensitive to neutrino transient emission, reaching per-flavor flux of approximately 10(-10) erg cm(-2) s(-1) from the Northern Sky in the energy range E greater than or similar to 50 TeV. The number of doublets and triplets identified in this search is compatible with the atmospheric background hypothesis, which leads us to set limits on the nature of neutrino transient sources with emission timescales of one month.

Author

R. Abbasi

Loyola University of Chicago

M. Ackermann

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Adams

University of Canterbury

S. K. Agarwalla

Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar

University of Wisconsin Madison

J. A. Aguilar

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

M. Ahlers

University of Copenhagen

J. M. Alameddine

Technische Universität Dortmund

N. M. Amin

University of Delaware

K. Andeen

Marquette University

C. Arguelles

Harvard University

Y. Ashida

University of Utah

S. Athanasiadou

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

S. N. Axani

University of Delaware

R. Babu

Michigan State University

X. Bai

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

A. Balagopal

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. Baricevic

University of Wisconsin Madison

S. W. Barwick

University of California at Irvine (UCI)

S. Bash

Technical University of Munich

V. Basu

University of Wisconsin Madison

R. Bay

University of California

J. J. Beatty

Ohio State University

J. Becker Tjus

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

J. Beise

Uppsala University

C. Bellenghi

Technical University of Munich

S. BenZvi

University of Rochester

D. Berley

University of Maryland

E. Bernardini

University of Padua

D. Z. Besson

University of Kansas

E. Blaufuss

University of Maryland

L. Bloom

University of Alabama

S. Blot

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

F. Bontempo

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

J. Y. Book Motzkin

Harvard University

C. Boscolo Meneguolo

University of Padua

S. Boeser

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

O. Botner

Uppsala University

J. Boettcher

RWTH Aachen University

J. Braun

University of Wisconsin Madison

B. Brinson

Georgia Institute of Technology

Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis

Queen's University

J. Brostean-Kaiser

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

L. Brusa

RWTH Aachen University

R. T. Burley

University of Adelaide

D. Butterfield

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. A. Campana

Drexel University

I. Caracas

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

K. Carloni

Harvard University

J. Carpio

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

S. Chattopadhyay

University of Wisconsin Madison

Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar

N. Chau

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

Z. Chen

SUNY Stony Brook

D. Chirkin

University of Wisconsin Madison

S. Choi

Sungkyunkwan University

B. A. Clark

University of Maryland

A. Coleman

Uppsala University

P. Coleman

RWTH Aachen University

G. H. Collin

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

A. Connolly

Ohio State University

J. M. Conrad

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

R. Corley

University of Utah

D. F. Cowen

Pennsylvania State University

C. De Clercq

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

J. J. DeLaunay

University of Alabama

D. Delgado

Harvard University

S. Deng

RWTH Aachen University

A. Desai

University of Wisconsin Madison

P. Desiati

University of Wisconsin Madison

K. D. de Vries

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

G. de Wasseige

Universite catholique de Louvain

T. DeYoung

Michigan State University

A. Diaz

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

J. C. Diaz-Velez

University of Wisconsin Madison

P. Dierichs

RWTH Aachen University

M. Dittmer

University of Münster

A. Domi

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

L. Draper

University of Utah

H. Dujmovic

University of Wisconsin Madison

D. Durnford

University of Alberta

K. Dutta

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

M. A. DuVernois

University of Wisconsin Madison

T. Ehrhardt

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

L. Eidenschink

Technical University of Munich

A. Eimer

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

P. Eller

Technical University of Munich

E. Ellinger

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

S. El Mentawi

RWTH Aachen University

D. Elsaesser

Technische Universität Dortmund

R. Engel

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

H. Erpenbeck

University of Wisconsin Madison

W. Esmail

University of Münster

J. Evans

University of Maryland

P. A. Evenson

University of Delaware

K. L. Fan

University of Maryland

K. Fang

University of Wisconsin Madison

K. Farrag

Chiba University

A. R. Fazely

Southern University and A&M College

A. Fedynitch

Academia Sinica

N. Feigl

Humboldt University of Berlin

S. Fiedlschuster

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

C. Finley

Stockholm University

L. Fischer

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

D. Fox

Pennsylvania State University

A. Franckowiak

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

S. Fukami

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

P. Fuerst

RWTH Aachen University

J. Gallagher

University of Wisconsin Madison

E. Ganster

RWTH Aachen University

A. Garcia

Harvard University

M. Garcia

University of Delaware

G. Garg

Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar

University of Wisconsin Madison

E. Genton

Harvard University

Universite catholique de Louvain

L. Gerhardt

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

A. Ghadimi

University of Alabama

C. Girard-Carillo

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

C. Glaser

Uppsala University

T. Gluesenkamp

Uppsala University

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

J. G. Gonzalez

University of Delaware

S. Goswami

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

A. Granados

Michigan State University

D. Grant

Simon Fraser University

S. J. Gray

University of Maryland

S. Griffin

University of Wisconsin Madison

S. Griswold

University of Rochester

K. M. Groth

University of Copenhagen

D. Guevel

University of Wisconsin Madison

C. Guenther

RWTH Aachen University

P. Gutjahr

Technische Universität Dortmund

C. Ha

Chung-Ang University

C. Haack

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

A. Hallgren

Uppsala University

L. Halve

RWTH Aachen University

F. Halzen

University of Wisconsin Madison

L. Hamacher

RWTH Aachen University

H. Hamdaoui

SUNY Stony Brook

M. Ha Minh

Technical University of Munich

M. Handt

RWTH Aachen University

K. Hanson

University of Wisconsin Madison

J. Hardin

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

A. A. Harnisch

Michigan State University

P. Hatch

Queen's University

A. Haungs

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

J. Haeussler

RWTH Aachen University

K. Helbing

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

J. Hellrung

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

J. Hermannsgabner

RWTH Aachen University

L. Heuermann

RWTH Aachen University

N. Heyer

Uppsala University

S. Hickford

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

A. Hidvegi

Stockholm University

C. Hill

Chiba University

G. C. Hill

University of Adelaide

R. Hmaid

Chiba University

K. D. Hoffman

University of Maryland

S. Hori

University of Wisconsin Madison

K. Hoshina

University of Wisconsin Madison

University of Tokyo

M. Hostert

Harvard University

W. Hou

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

T. Huber

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

K. Hultqvist

Stockholm University

M. Hunnefeld

University of Wisconsin Madison

R. Hussain

University of Wisconsin Madison

K. Hymon

Technische Universität Dortmund

Academia Sinica

A. Ishihara

Chiba University

W. Iwakiri

Chiba University

M. Jacquart

University of Wisconsin Madison

S. Jain

University of Wisconsin Madison

O. Janik

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

M. Jansson

Sungkyunkwan University

M. Jeong

University of Utah

M. Jin

Harvard University

B. J. P. Jones

University of Texas at Arlington

N. Kamp

Harvard University

D. Kang

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

W. Kang

Sungkyunkwan University

X. Kang

Drexel University

A. Kappes

University of Münster

D. Kappesser

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

L. Kardum

Technische Universität Dortmund

T. Karg

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Karl

Technical University of Munich

A. Karle

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Katil

University of Alberta

U. Katz

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

M. Kauer

University of Wisconsin Madison

J. L. Kelley

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. Khanal

University of Utah

A. Khatee Zathul

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Kheirandish

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

J. Kiryluk

SUNY Stony Brook

S. R. Klein

University of California

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Y. Kobayashi

Chiba University

A. Kochocki

Michigan State University

R. Koirala

University of Delaware

H. Kolanoski

Humboldt University of Berlin

T. Kontrimas

Technical University of Munich

L. Koepke

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

C. Kopper

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

D. J. Koskinen

University of Copenhagen

P. Koundal

University of Delaware

M. Kowalski

Humboldt University of Berlin

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

T. Kozynets

University of Copenhagen

N. Krieger

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

J. Krishnamoorthi

University of Wisconsin Madison

Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar

T. Krishnan

Harvard University

K. Kruiswijk

Universite catholique de Louvain

E. Krupczak

Michigan State University

A. Kumar

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

E. Kun

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

N. Kurahashi

Drexel University

N. Lad

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

C. Lagunas Gualda

Technical University of Munich

M. Lamoureux

Universite catholique de Louvain

M. J. Larson

University of Maryland

F. Lauber

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

J. P. Lazar

Universite catholique de Louvain

K. Leonard DeHolton

Pennsylvania State University

A. Leszczynska

University of Delaware

J. Liao

Georgia Institute of Technology

M. Lincetto

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

Y. T. Liu

Pennsylvania State University

M. Liubarska

University of Alberta

C. Love

Drexel University

L. Lu

University of Wisconsin Madison

F. Lucarelli

University of Geneva

W. Luszczak

Ohio State University

Y. Lyu

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

University of California

J. Madsen

University of Wisconsin Madison

E. Magnus

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

K. B. M. Mahn

Michigan State University

Y. Makino

University of Wisconsin Madison

E. Manao

Technical University of Munich

S. Mancina

University of Padua

A. Mand

University of Wisconsin Madison

W. Marie Sainte

University of Wisconsin Madison

I. C. Maris

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

S. Marka

Columbia University

Z. Marka

Columbia University

M. Marsee

University of Alabama

I. Martinez-Soler

Harvard University

R. Maruyama

Yale Univ, Dept Phys

F. Mayhew

Michigan State University

F. McNally

Mercer University

J. V. Mead

University of Copenhagen

K. Meagher

University of Wisconsin Madison

S. Mechbal

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

A. Medina

Ohio State University

M. Meier

Chiba University

Y. Merckx

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

L. Merten

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

J. Mitchell

Southern University and A&M College

T. Montaruli

University of Geneva

R. W. Moore

University of Alberta

Y. Morii

Chiba University

R. Morse

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. Moulai

University of Wisconsin Madison

T. Mukherjee

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

R. Naab

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Nakos

University of Wisconsin Madison

U. Naumann

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

J. Necker

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

A. Negi

University of Texas at Arlington

L. Neste

Stockholm University

M. Neumann

University of Münster

H. Niederhausen

Michigan State University

M. U. Nisa

Michigan State University

K. Noda

Chiba University

A. Noell

RWTH Aachen University

A. Novikov

University of Delaware

A. Obertacke Pollmann

Chiba University

V. O'Dell

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Olivas

University of Maryland

R. Orsoe

Technical University of Munich

J. Osborn

University of Wisconsin Madison

E. O'Sullivan

Uppsala University

V. Palusova

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

H. Pandya

University of Delaware

N. Park

Queen's University

G. K. Parker

University of Texas at Arlington

V. Parrish

Michigan State University

E. N. Paudel

University of Delaware

L. Paul

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

C. Perez de los Heros

Uppsala University

T. Pernice

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Peterson

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Pizzuto

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. Plum

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

A. Ponten

Uppsala University

Y. Popovych

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

M. Prado Rodriguez

University of Wisconsin Madison

B. Pries

Michigan State University

R. Procter-Murphy

University of Maryland

G. T. Przybylski

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

L. Pyras

University of Utah

C. Raab

Universite catholique de Louvain

J. Rack-Helleis

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

N. Rad

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Ravn

Uppsala University

K. Rawlins

University of Alaska Anchorage

Z. Rechav

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Rehman

University of Delaware

E. Resconi

Technical University of Munich

S. Reusch

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

W. Rhode

Technische Universität Dortmund

B. Riedel

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Rifaie

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

E. J. Roberts

University of Adelaide

S. Robertson

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

University of California

S. Rodan

Sungkyunkwan University

M. Rongen

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

A. Rosted

Chiba University

C. Rott

University of Utah

Sungkyunkwan University

T. Ruhe

Technische Universität Dortmund

L. Ruohan

Technical University of Munich

D. Ryckbosch

Ghent university

I. Safa

University of Wisconsin Madison

J. Saffer

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

D. Salazar-Gallegos

Michigan State University

P. Sampathkumar

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

A. Sandrock

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

M. Santander

University of Alabama

S. Sarkar

University of Oxford

University of Alberta

S. Sarkar

University of Oxford

University of Alberta

J. Savelberg

RWTH Aachen University

P. Savina

University of Wisconsin Madison

P. Schaile

Technical University of Munich

M. Schaufel

RWTH Aachen University

H. Schieler

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

S. Schindler

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

L. Schlickmann

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

B. Schlueter

University of Münster

F. Schluter

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

N. Schmeisser

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

T. Schmidt

University of Maryland

J. Schneider

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

F. G. Schroeder

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

University of Delaware

L. Schumacher

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

S. Schwirn

RWTH Aachen University

S. Sclafani

University of Maryland

D. Seckel

University of Delaware

L. Seen

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. Seikh

University of Kansas

M. Seo

Sungkyunkwan University

S. Seunarine

University of Wisconsin

P. Sevle Myhr

Universite catholique de Louvain

R. Shah

Drexel University

S. Shefali

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

N. Shimizu

Chiba University

M. Silva

University of Wisconsin Madison

B. Skrzypek

University of California

B. Smithers

University of Texas at Arlington

R. Snihur

University of Wisconsin Madison

J. Soedingrekso

Technische Universität Dortmund

A. Sogaard

University of Copenhagen

D. Soldin

University of Utah

P. Soldin

RWTH Aachen University

G. Sommani

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

C. Spannfellner

Technical University of Munich

G. M. Spiczak

University of Wisconsin

C. Spiering

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Stachurska

Ghent university

M. Stamatikos

Ohio State University

T. Stanev

University of Delaware

T. Stezelberger

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

T. Stuerwald

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

T. Stuttard

University of Copenhagen

G. W. Sullivan

University of Maryland

I. Taboada

Georgia Institute of Technology

S. Ter-Antonyan

Southern University and A&M College

A. Terliuk

Technical University of Munich

M. Thiesmeyer

University of Wisconsin Madison

W. G. Thompson

Harvard University

J. Thwaites

University of Wisconsin Madison

S. Tilav

University of Delaware

K. Tollefson

Michigan State University

C. Tonnis

Sungkyunkwan University

S. Toscano

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

D. Tosi

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Trettin

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. A. Unland Elorrieta

University of Münster

A. K. Upadhyay

University of Wisconsin Madison

Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar

K. Upshaw

Southern University and A&M College

A. Vaidyanathan

Marquette University

N. Valtonen-Mattila

Uppsala University

J. Vandenbroucke

University of Wisconsin Madison

N. van Eijndhoven

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

D. Vannerom

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

J. van Santen

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Vara

University of Münster

F. Varsi

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

J. Veitch-Michaelis

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. Venugopal

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

M. Vereecken

Universite catholique de Louvain

S. Vergara Carrasco

University of Canterbury

S. Verpoest

University of Delaware

D. Veske

Columbia University

A. Vijai

University of Maryland

C. Walck

Stockholm University

A. Wang

Georgia Institute of Technology

C. Weaver

Michigan State University

P. Weigel

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

A. Weindl

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

J. Weldert

Pennsylvania State University

A. Y. Wen

Harvard University

C. Wendt

University of Wisconsin Madison

J. Werthebach

Technische Universität Dortmund

M. Weyrauch

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

N. Whitehorn

Michigan State University

C. H. Wiebusch

RWTH Aachen University

D. R. Williams

University of Alabama

L. Witthaus

Technische Universität Dortmund

M. Wolf

Technical University of Munich

G. Wrede

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

X. W. Xu

Southern University and A&M College

J. P. Yanez

University of Alberta

E. Yildizci

University of Wisconsin Madison

S. Yoshida

Chiba University

R. Young

University of Kansas

F. Yu

Harvard University

S. Yu

University of Utah

T. Yuan

University of Wisconsin Madison

A. Zegarelli

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

S. Zhang

Michigan State University

Z. Zhang

SUNY Stony Brook

P. Zhelnin

Harvard University

P. Zilberman

University of Wisconsin Madison

M. Zimmerman

University of Wisconsin Madison

Astrophysical Journal

0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)

Vol. 981 2 159

Subject Categories (SSIF 2025)

Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology

DOI

10.3847/1538-4357/adb312

More information

Latest update

5/29/2025