BlueprintSymVL: A discriminative benchmark for VLM symbol recognition in engineering blueprints

Journal article, 2025

The application of Vision Language Models (VLMs) to industrial automation, specifically engineering blueprint analysis, is severely hampered by the absence of domain-specific evaluation tools. Existing benchmarks fail to replicate the critical visual challenges of this domain, such as high symbol density, occlusion, and visual similarity. Furthermore, they assume reliable pre-trained knowledge or standardized symbology, which rarely hold in real-world industrial settings. To address these critical gaps, we introduce BlueprintSymVL, the first benchmark explicitly designed to evaluate VLM symbol recognition in engineering blueprints. BlueprintSymVL is engineered as a strong discriminator, with test cases that systematically introduce challenges to differentiate model capabilities. A key innovation is our robust evaluation method, centered on a one-shot visual in-context querying strategy. At query time, the model is provided with a visual exemplar of a symbol. This approach eliminates reliance on unreliable pre-existing knowledge and is paired with a strict evaluation criterion demanding correctness on both symbol counts and their labels, setting a rigorous standard for quality assurance in high-stakes applications. We conducted a comprehensive benchmark of four leading VLMs (GPT-4o, Gemini 2.5 Pro, InternVL 2.5 78B, and Qwen 2.5 VL 72B). Our analysis provides the first baseline on their readiness, revealing that BlueprintSymVL is highly discriminative. We pinpoint specific failure modes, including a notable degradation in cluttered environments, confusion when faced with visually similar distractors, and a concerning propensity to hallucinate symbols. These insights demonstrate that current VLMs are not yet suitable for autonomous deployment in blueprint analysis and are best integrated into human-in-the-loop workflows.