On the rapid growth of SMBHs in high-z galaxies: the aftermath of Population III.1 stars

Journal article, 2025

Despite the vast amount of energy released by active galactic nuclei (AGNs), their role in early galaxy formation and in regulating the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) remains poorly understood. Through new high-resolution zoom-in cosmological simulations, we follow the co-evolution of 10⁵, M black hole seeds with their host dwarf galaxy. We model ionizing feedback from a Pop III.1 progenitor, applicable to a wide range of internally or externally irradiated SMBH formation scenarios. The simulated suite progressively spans physics ranging from no AGN feedback to more complex setups including thermal, kinetic, and radiative feedback – explored for both low and enhanced AGN power. Across all our models, we find that black hole seeds efficiently reach masses of ∼10⁷, M. within a ∼10¹⁰M. halo by z = 8. Although they exhibit notably different mass growth histories, these latter seem unimpeded by the presence of AGN feedback. The simulation including radiative feedback is the most distinct, with super-Eddington episodes driving fast and mass-loaded gas outflows (exceeding 2500km, s^-1) up to ∼ 50,kpc, along with minor stellar mass suppression in the host galaxy. Our measurements are in broad agreement with moderate luminosity quasars recently observed by James Webb Space Telescope, producing overmassive black holes (SMBH-to-galaxy mass ratios 0.01 - 1), dynamical masses of∼10^9.5,M., stellar masses of ∼10^8.5, M, and high, though short-lived, Eddington fraction accretion rates. These results advocate for a scenario where AGN feedback allows for rapid SMBH growth during the reionization era, while driving winds that extend deep into the intergalactic medium-shaping host galaxies as well as more distant surroundings.