Fatigue in the ferry industry and its relation to roster patterns, schedules, and job roles

Journal article, 2026

Fatigue is a known contributor to maritime accidents, with roster patterns, shift schedules, and job roles identified as key risk factors in long-distance shipping. This exploratory study investigates whether similar patterns exist in ferry operations. Sixty-three UK ferry workers participated in a field study involving at least 2 weeks of on-duty data collection. Participants wore activity monitors and completed sleep diaries and 9-point scale ratings of sleepiness (KSS), stress, and workload. The sample included four roster types, three work schedules, and six job roles; 52% slept onboard, while others returned home between shifts. Sleepiness on duty (KSS ≥ 7) was reported in 27% of shifts. The shortest sleep was observed in participants working 12-h split shifts and 8 weeks on/4 weeks off rosters. However, the greatest number of shifts with KSS ≥ 7 were found in workers on 2 weeks on/2 weeks off and 1 week on/1 week off rosters. Bridge crew reported the most stress, and service crew the highest workload. Sleep location (onboard vs. home) did not significantly affect outcomes. Fatigue was widespread across roles and schedules, suggesting that mitigation strategies should target the entire workforce. Split shifts should be avoided, and current regulations are insufficient to manage fatigue effectively.