The Type Ia supernova 2021hem: A 2003fg-like event in an apparently hostless environment
Journal article, 2026
We report observations of a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2021hem that was discovered within 48 hours of last nondetection and is located in an apparently hostless environment. With a peak absolute B-band magnitude of MB, max = - 19.96 ± 0.29 mag, SN 2021hem lies at the luminous end of the SNe Ia distribution. Its near-infrared and i-band light curves lack the secondary maximum, which is otherwise ubiquitous to normal and 1991T-like SNe Ia. Instead, these properties cause SN 2021hem to closely resemble 2003fg-like events. The slowly evolving light curves (characterized by Δm15(B) = 1.02 ± 0.02 mag; sBV = 0.94 ± 0.05) and the earliest spectrum showing C IIλ6580 and λ7235 absorption lines further support this classification. Other spectroscopic features, including Si II line diagnostics, resemble those of normal SNe Ia. A fit of a fireball model to the early-time light curves yields a time of first light of tfirst = - 16.43+0.45- 0.38 days relative to B-band maximum. The first photometric detection occurs 1.51+0.45- 0.38 days before the onset of fireball-like flux rise. This early emission, together with the intrinsic (g - r)0 color, is inconsistent with circumstellar or companion interaction. Instead, shallow 56Ni mixing or an asymmetric 56Ni distribution offers a plausible explanation for the delayed onset of the fireball flux rise, while a double-detonation scenario with a thin helium shell remains a less likely alternative. Notably, SN 2021hem represents the fifth known 2003fg-like SN that has early-time activity or excess flux emission. The estimated mass of radioactive 56Ni synthesized in SN 2021hem is 1.00 ± 0.09 M⊙. Deep GTC imaging obtained 2.5 years after the explosion, with an estimated limiting magnitude of mlim, r = 24.4 mag and a surface-brightness limit of μlim, r = 26.3 mag arcsec- 2, revealed no coincident host. Most faint dwarf and ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs) are therefore ruled out. Alternatively, if the nearest plausible AGN host galaxy located at a projected distance of 104 kpc is assumed, the progenitor would need to be a hypervelocity star ejected at ≈ 2200 km s- 1 from the host by AGN interaction. A faint diffuse feature ≈ 6 kpc from the SN site has also been detected in the GTC image, and its surface brightness is within the limits of UDGs. It is unclear whether it is a galaxy and is associated with SN 2021hem, however. Based on its large normalized directional light distance (dDLR ≈ 3 - 4) from the SN and its unusual elongation, the probability that this is the candidate host galaxy of SN 2021hem is low. These results identify SN 2021hem as one of the strongest candidates for a hostless SN Ia and underscore the diversity of luminous slowly evolving 2003fg-like explosions and the wide range of environments in which they may occur.
Supernovae: individual: 2021hem
Supernovae: general
Author
S. Bose
Aarhus University
M. Stritzinger
Aarhus University
A. Malmgaard
Aarhus University
C. J. Miller
University of Michigan
N. Elias-Rosa
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Johan P.U. Fynbo
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
C. Ashall
University of Hawaii
C. R. Burns
Carnegie Observatories
J. M. Derkacy
Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)
L. Galbany
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Claudia P. Gutiérrez
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
W. B. Hoogendam
University of Hawaii
E.Y. Hsiao
Florida State University
Erik Asbjörn Mikkelsen Jensen
Chalmers, Physics, Subatomic, High Energy and Plasma Physics
K. Medler
University of Hawaii
A. Alburai
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
Joseph P. Anderson
European Southern Observatory Santiago
E. Baron
Planetary Science Institute
J. Duarte
Instituto Superior Tecnico
M. Gromadzki
University of Warsaw
Cosimo Inserra
Cardiff University
P. A. Mazzali
Liverpool John Moores University
Tomás E. Müller-Bravo
Arturo Prat University
Trinity College Dublin
P. Lundqvist
Oskar Klein Centre
A. Reguitti
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
I. Salmaso
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
D. J. Sand
University of Arizona
G. Valerin
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Astronomy and Astrophysics
0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)
Vol. 706 A252Subject Categories (SSIF 2025)
Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202558053