A Search for Millimeter-bright Blazars as Astrophysical Neutrino Sources
Journal article, 2026
The powerful jets of blazars have been historically considered as likely sites of high-energy cosmic-ray acceleration. However, the particulars of the launched jet and the locations of leptonic and hadronic jet loading remain unclear. In the case when leptonic and hadronic particle injection occur jointly, a temporal correlation between synchrotron radiation and neutrino production is expected. We use a first catalog of millimeter wavelength (95-225 GHz) blazar light curves from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope for a time-dependent correlation with 12 yr of muon neutrino events from the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory. Such millimeter emission traces activity of the bright jet base, which is often self-absorbed at lower frequencies and potentially gamma-ray opaque. We perform an analysis of the population, as well as analyses of individual, selected sources. We do not observe a significant signal from the stacked population. TXS 0506+056 is found as the most significant, individual source, though this detection is not globally significant in our analysis of selected active galactic nuclei. Our results suggest that the majority of millimeter-bright blazars are neutrino dim. In general, it is possible that many blazars have lighter, leptonic jets, or that only selected blazars provide exceptional conditions for neutrino production.
Author
R. Abbasi
Loyola University of Chicago
M. Ackermann
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Adams
University of Canterbury
S. K. Agarwalla
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
J. A. Aguilar
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
J. M. Alameddine
University of Copenhagen
N. M. Amin
University of Delaware
K. Andeen
Marquette University
C. Arguelles
Harvard University
Y. Ashida
University of Utah
S. Athanasiadou
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. N. Axani
University of Delaware
R. Babu
Michigan State University
X. Bai
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
J. Baines-Holmes
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. V. Balagopal
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. W. Barwick
University of California
S. Bash
Technical University of Munich
V. Basu
University of Utah
R. Bay
University of California
J. J. Beatty
Ohio State University
J. Becker Tjus
P. Behrens
RWTH Aachen University
C. Bellenghi
Technical University of Munich
B. Benkel
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. BenZvi
University of Rochester
D. Berley
University of Maryland
E. Bernardini
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
University of Padua
D. Z. Besson
University of Kansas
E. Blaufuss
University of Maryland
L. Bloom
University of Alabama
S. Blot
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
I. Bodo
University of Wisconsin Madison
F. Bontempo
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
J. Y. Book Motzkin
Harvard University
C. Boscolo Meneguolo
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
University of Padua
S. Boeser
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
J. Boettcher
RWTH Aachen University
J. Braun
University of Wisconsin Madison
B. Brinson
Georgia Institute of Technology
Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis
Queen's University
R. T. Burley
University of Adelaide
D. Butterfield
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. A. Campana
Drexel University
K. Carloni
Harvard University
J. Carpio
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
S. Chattopadhyay
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
N. Chau
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Z. Chen
State University of New York
D. Chirkin
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Choi
University of Utah
B. A. Clark
University of Maryland
A. Coleman
Uppsala University
University of Wisconsin Madison
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
P. Coleman
RWTH Aachen University
G. H. Collin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
A. Connolly
Ohio State University
J. M. Conrad
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Corley
University of Utah
D. F. Cowen
Pennsylvania State University
C. De Clercq
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
J. J. DeLaunay
Pennsylvania State University
D. Delgado
Harvard University
T. Delmeulle
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
S. Deng
RWTH Aachen University
P. Desiati
University of Wisconsin Madison
K. D. de Vries
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
G. de Wasseige
Universite catholique de Louvain
T. DeYoung
Michigan State University
J. C. Diaz-Velez
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. DiKerby
Michigan State University
M. Dittmer
University of Münster
A. Domi
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
L. Draper
University of Utah
L. Dueser
RWTH Aachen University
D. Durnford
University of Alberta
K. Dutta
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
M. A. DuVernois
University of Wisconsin Madison
T. Ehrhardt
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
L. Eidenschink
Technical University of Munich
A. Eimer
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
P. Eller
Technical University of Munich
E. Ellinger
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
D. Elsaesser
University of Copenhagen
R. Engel
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
H. Erpenbeck
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Eulig
Harvard University
J. Evans
University of Maryland
P. A. Evenson
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. L. Fan
University of Maryland
K. Fang
University of Wisconsin Madison
K. Farrag
Chiba University
A. R. Fazely
A. Fedynitch
Academia Sinica
N. Feigl
Humboldt University of Berlin
C. Finley
Stockholm University
L. Fischer
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
D. Fox
Pennsylvania State University
A. Franckowiak
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
S. Fukami
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
P. Fuerst
RWTH Aachen University
J. Gallagher
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Ganster
RWTH Aachen University
A. Garcia
Harvard University
M. Garcia
University of Delaware
G. Garg
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
E. Genton
Universite catholique de Louvain
Harvard University
L. Gerhardt
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Ghadimi
University of Alabama
C. Glaser
Uppsala University
J. G. Gonzalez
University of Delaware
S. Goswami
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
A. Granados
Michigan State University
D. Grant
Simon Fraser University
S. J. Gray
University of Maryland
S. Griffin
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Griswold
University of Rochester
D. Guevel
University of Wisconsin Madison
C. Guenther
RWTH Aachen University
P. Gutjahr
University of Copenhagen
C. Ha
Chung-Ang University
C. Haack
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
A. Hallgren
Uppsala University
L. Halve
RWTH Aachen University
F. Halzen
University of Wisconsin Madison
L. Hamacher
RWTH Aachen University
M. Ha Minh
Technical University of Munich
M. Handt
RWTH Aachen University
K. Hanson
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. Hardin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
A. A. Harnisch
Michigan State University
P. Hatch
Queen's University
A. Haungs
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
J. Haeussler
RWTH Aachen University
K. Helbing
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
J. Hellrung
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
L. Hennig
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
L. Heuermann
RWTH Aachen University
R. Hewett
University of Canterbury
S. Hickford
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
A. Hidvegi
Stockholm University
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
University of Wisconsin Madison
C. Hill
Chiba University
G. C. Hill
University of Adelaide
R. Hmaid
Chiba University
K. D. Hoffman
University of Maryland
D. Hooper
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Hori
University of Wisconsin Madison
K. Hoshina
University of Wisconsin Madison
University of Tokyo
M. Hostert
Harvard University
W. Hou
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
T. Huber
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
K. Hultqvist
Stockholm University
K. Hymon
University of Copenhagen
Academia Sinica
A. Ishihara
Chiba University
W. Iwakiri
Chiba University
S. Jain
University of Wisconsin Madison
O. Janik
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
M. Jeong
University of Utah
M. Jin
Harvard University
N. Kamp
Harvard University
D. Kang
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
X. Kang
Drexel University
A. Kappes
University of Münster
L. Kardum
University of Copenhagen
M. Karl
Technical University of Munich
A. Katil
University of Alberta
M. Kauer
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. L. Kelley
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. Khanal
University of Utah
A. Khatee Zathul
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Kheirandish
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
H. Kimku
Chung-Ang University
J. Kiryluk
State University of New York
C. Klein
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
S. R. Klein
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Y. Kobayashi
Chiba University
A. Kochocki
Michigan State University
R. Koirala
University of Delaware
H. Kolanoski
Humboldt University of Berlin
T. Kontrimas
Technical University of Munich
L. Koepke
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
C. Kopper
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
P. Koundal
University of Delaware
M. Kowalski
Humboldt University of Berlin
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
N. Krieger
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Krishnamoorthi
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
T. Krishnan
Harvard University
K. Kruiswijk
Universite catholique de Louvain
E. Krupczak
Michigan State University
A. Kumar
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
E. Kun
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
N. Kurahashi
Drexel University
N. Lad
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
C. Lagunas Gualda
Technical University of Munich
L. Lallement Arnaud
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
M. Lamoureux
Universite catholique de Louvain
M. J. Larson
University of Maryland
F. Lauber
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
J. P. Lazar
Universite catholique de Louvain
K. Leonard DeHolton
Pennsylvania State University
A. Leszczynska
University of Delaware
J. Liao
Georgia Institute of Technology
Y. T. Liu
Pennsylvania State University
M. Liubarska
University of Alberta
C. Love
Drexel University
L. Lu
University of Wisconsin Madison
F. Lucarelli
University of Geneva
W. Luszczak
Ohio State University
Y. Lyu
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. Madsen
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Magnus
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
K. B. M. Mahn
Michigan State University
Y. Makino
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Manao
Technical University of Munich
S. Mancina
University of Padua
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
S. Marka
Columbia University
Z. Marka
Columbia University
L. Marten
RWTH Aachen University
I. Martinez-Soler
Harvard University
R. Maruyama
Yale University
F. Mayhew
Michigan State University
F. McNally
Mercer University
K. Meagher
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Mechbal
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. Medina
Ohio State University
M. Meier
Chiba University
Y. Merckx
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
L. Merten
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Mitchell
Southern University and A&M College
L. Molchany
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
T. Montaruli
University of Geneva
R. W. Moore
University of Alberta
Y. Morii
Chiba University
A. Mosbrugger
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
M. Moulai
University of Wisconsin Madison
D. Mousadi
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
T. Mukherjee
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
R. Naab
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Nakos
University of Wisconsin Madison
U. Naumann
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
J. Necker
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
L. Neste
Stockholm University
M. Neumann
University of Münster
H. Niederhausen
Michigan State University
M. U. Nisa
Michigan State University
K. Noda
Chiba University
A. Noell
RWTH Aachen University
A. Novikov
University of Wisconsin Madison
University of Delaware
A. Obertacke Pollmann
Chiba University
V. O'Dell
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Olivas
University of Wisconsin Madison
University of Maryland
R. Orsoe
Technical University of Munich
J. Osborn
University of Wisconsin Madison
V. Palusova
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
H. Pandya
University of Delaware
A. Parenti
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
N. Park
Queen's University
V. Parrish
Michigan State University
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
E. N. Paudel
University of Alabama
L. Paul
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
T. Pernice
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Peterson
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. Plum
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
A. Ponten
Uppsala University
V. Poojyam
University of Alabama
Y. Popovych
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
M. Prado Rodriguez
University of Wisconsin Madison
B. Pries
Michigan State University
R. Procter-Murphy
University of Maryland
G. T. Przybylski
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
L. Pyras
University of Utah
C. Raab
Universite catholique de Louvain
J. Rack-Helleis
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
N. Rad
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. Rawlins
University of Alaska Anchorage
Z. Rechav
University of Wisconsin Madison
I. Reistroffer
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
E. Resconi
Technical University of Munich
S. Reusch
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
C. D. Rho
Sungkyunkwan University
W. Rhode
University of Copenhagen
B. Riedel
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Rifaie
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
E. J. Roberts
University of Adelaide
S. Robertson
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
M. Rongen
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
A. Rosted
Chiba University
C. Rott
University of Utah
T. Ruhe
University of Copenhagen
L. Ruohan
Technical University of Munich
J. Saffer
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
D. Salazar-Gallegos
Michigan State University
P. Sampathkumar
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
A. Sandrock
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
G. Sanger-Johnson
Michigan State University
M. Santander
University of Alabama
S. Sarkar
University of Oxford
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P. Schaile
Technical University of Munich
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RWTH Aachen University
H. Schieler
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
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University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
L. Schlickmann
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
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University of Münster
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University of Münster
N. Schmeisser
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
T. Schmidt
University of Maryland
F. G. Schroeder
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
University of Delaware
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University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
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M. Seikh
University of Kansas
S. Seunarine
University of Wisconsin
P. A. Sevle Myhr
Universite catholique de Louvain
R. Shah
Drexel University
S. Shefali
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
N. Shimizu
Chiba University
B. Skrzypek
University of California
R. Snihur
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. Soedingrekso
University of Copenhagen
D. Soldin
University of Utah
P. Soldin
RWTH Aachen University
G. Sommani
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
C. Spannfellner
Technical University of Munich
G. M. Spiczak
University of Wisconsin
C. Spiering
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Stachurska
Ghent university
M. Stamatikos
Ohio State University
T. Stanev
University of Delaware
T. Stezelberger
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
T. Stuerwald
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
G. W. Sullivan
University of Maryland
I. Taboada
Georgia Institute of Technology
S. Ter-Antonyan
Southern University and A&M College
A. Terliuk
Technical University of Munich
A. Thakuri
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
M. Thiesmeyer
University of Wisconsin Madison
W. G. Thompson
Harvard University
J. Thwaites
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Tilav
University of Delaware
K. Tollefson
Michigan State University
S. Toscano
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
D. Tosi
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Trettin
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. K. Upadhyay
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
K. Upshaw
Southern University and A&M College
A. Vaidyanathan
Marquette University
University of Wisconsin Madison
N. Valtonen-Mattila
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Valverde
Marquette University
J. Vandenbroucke
University of Wisconsin Madison
T. Van Eeden
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
N. van Eijndhoven
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
J. van Santen
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Vara
University of Münster
F. Varsi
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
M. Venugopal
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
M. Vereecken
Universite catholique de Louvain
S. Vergara Carrasco
University of Canterbury
S. Verpoest
University of Delaware
D. Veske
Columbia University
A. Vijai
University of Maryland
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. Villarreal
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
C. Walck
Stockholm University
A. Wang
Georgia Institute of Technology
E. Warrick
University of Alabama
C. Weaver
Michigan State University
P. Weigel
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
A. Weindl
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
A. Y. Wen
Harvard University
C. Wendt
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. Werthebach
University of Copenhagen
M. Weyrauch
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
N. Whitehorn
Michigan State University
C. H. Wiebusch
RWTH Aachen University
D. R. Williams
University of Alabama
L. Witthaus
University of Copenhagen
M. Wolf
Technical University of Munich
G. Wrede
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
X. W. Xu
Southern University and A&M College
J. P. Yanez
University of Alberta
Y. Yao
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Yildizci
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Yoshida
Chiba University
R. Young
University of Kansas
F. Yu
Harvard University
S. Yu
University of Utah
T. Yuan
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Zegarelli
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
S. Zhang
Michigan State University
Z. Zhang
State University of New York
P. Zhelnin
Harvard University
P. Zilberman
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. D. Hincks
Vatican Observatory
University of Toronto
X. Ma
Beijing University of Technology
C. Vargas
Texas A&M University
C. Hervias-Caimapo
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
E. S. Battistelli
Sapienza University of Rome
K. Huffenberger
Texas A&M University
University of Pennsylvania
Florida State University
J. Mcmahon
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
S. Naess
University of Oslo
J. Orlowski-Scherer
University of Pennsylvania
B. Partridge
Haverford College
Cristobal Sifon
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
E. J. Wollack
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Astrophysical Journal
0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)
Vol. 999 1 98Subject Categories (SSIF 2025)
Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology
Subatomic Physics
DOI
10.3847/1538-4357/ae31e2