Prompt Searches for Very-high-energy γ-Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts
Journal article, 2026

The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multimessenger approach, which seeks to detect the γ-rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multimessenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in high-energy (E > 1 GeV) and very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ-rays in coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A, identified by IceCube. Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), namely FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, continue to conduct extensive neutrino target-of-opportunity follow-up programs. These programs have two components: follow-up observations of single astrophysical neutrino candidate events (such as IceCube-170922A), and observation of known γ-ray sources after the identification of a cluster of neutrino events by IceCube. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of followup observations of high-energy neutrino events observed by the four IACTs between 2017 September (after the IceCube-170922A event) and 2021 January. Our study found no associations between γ-ray sources and the observed neutrino events. We provide a detailed overview of each neutrino event and its potential counterparts. Furthermore, a joint analysis of all IACT data is included, yielding combined upper limits on the VHE γ-ray flux.

Author

J. Abhir

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)

A. Biland

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)

K. Brand

University of Würzburg

F. Schussler

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)

D. Dorner

University of Würzburg

L. Eisenberger

University of Würzburg

D. Elsaesser

Technische Universität Dortmund

P. Günther

University of Würzburg

S. Hasan

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)

D. Hildebrand

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)

K. Mannheim

University of Würzburg

M. Linhoff

Technische Universität Dortmund

F. Pfeifle

University of Würzburg

W. Rhode

Technische Universität Dortmund

B. Schleicher

University of Würzburg

V. Sliusar

University of Geneva

M. Vorbrugg

University of Würzburg

R. Walter

University of Geneva

F. Aharonian

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

F. Ait Benkhali

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

J. Aschersleben

University of Groningen

H. Ashkar

École polytechnique

M. Backes

University of Namibia

V. Barbosa Martins

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

R. Batzofin

University of Potsdam

Y. Becherini

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

D. Berge

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Böttcher

North-West University

C. Boisson

Paris Observatory

J. Bolmont

Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC)

J. Borowska

Humboldt University of Berlin

R. Brose

University of Potsdam

A. Brown

University of Oxford

F. Brun

University Paris-Saclay

B. Bruno

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

S. Casanova

Polish Academy of Sciences

J. Celic

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

M. Cerruti

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

A. Chen

University of Witwatersrand

M. Chernyakova

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

J. Chibueze

North-West University

O. Chibueze

North-West University

B. Cornejo

University Paris-Saclay

G. Cotter

University of Oxford

G. Cozzolongo

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. de Assis Scarpin

École polytechnique

A. Delgado Giles

Humboldt University of Berlin

A. Djannati-Ataï

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

J. Djuvsland

Max Planck Society

A. Dmytriiev

North-West University

K. Egberts

University of Potsdam

K. Egg

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

S. Einecke

University of Adelaide

J.-P. Ernenwein

Aix Marseille University

C. Escañuela Nieves

Max Planck Society

K. Feijen

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

M. Filipovic

Western Sydney University

G. Fontaine

École polytechnique

S. Funk

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

S. Gabici

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

J.F. Glicenstein

University Paris-Saclay

P. Goswami

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

G. Grolleron

Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC)

B. Hess

University of Tübingen

J.A. Hinton

Max Planck Society

M. Holler

University of Innsbruck

M. Jamrozy

Jagiellonian University in Kraków

F. Jankowsky

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

I. Jung-Richardt

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

E. Kasai

University of Namibia

K. Katarzynski

Nicolaus Copernicus University (SGMK)

H. Katjaita

University of Namibia

D. Kerszberg

Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC)

R. Khatoon

North-West University

B. Khélifi

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

W. Kluźniak

Polish Academy of Sciences

Nu. Komin

University of Witwatersrand

R. Konno

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

K. Kosack

University Paris-Saclay

D. Kostunin

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

G. Kukec Mezek

Linnaeus University

R.G. Lang

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

A. Lemiere

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

M. Lemoine-Goumard

University of Bordeaux

J.-P. Lenain

Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC)

A. Luashvili

North-West University

J. Mackey

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

V. Marandon

University Paris-Saclay

G. Martí-Devesa

University of Innsbruck

R. Marx

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

M. Mayer

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

A. Mehta

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

A. Mitchell

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

R. Moderski

Polish Academy of Sciences

M.O. Moghadam

University of Potsdam

L. Mohrmann

Max Planck Society

E. Moulin

University Paris-Saclay

M. De Naurois

École polytechnique

J. Niemiec

Polish Academy of Sciences

E. De Ona Wilhelmi

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

S. Panny

University of Innsbruck

M. Panter

Max Planck Society

R.D. Parsons

Humboldt University of Berlin

U. Pensec

Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC)

P. Pichard

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

G. Pühlhofer

University of Tübingen

M. Punch

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

A. Quirrenbach

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

M. Regeard

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

O. Reimer

University of Innsbruck

H. Ren

Max Planck Society

F. Rieger

Max Planck Society

G. Rowell

University of Adelaide

B. Rudak

Polish Academy of Sciences

K. Sabri

Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier

V. Sahakian

Yerevan Physics Institute

H. Salzmann

University of Tübingen

M. Sasaki

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

J. Schäfer

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

F. Schussler

University Paris-Saclay

H.M. Schutte

North-West University

M. Senniappan

Linnaeus University

J.N.S. Shapopi

University of Namibia

A. Sharma

APC - AstroParticule et Cosmologie

H. Sol

Paris Observatory

S. Spencer

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

Ł. Stawarz

Jagiellonian University in Kraków

R. Steenkamp

University of Namibia

S. Steinmassl

Max Planck Society

C. Steppa

University of Potsdam

T. Takahashi

University of Tokyo

T. Tanaka

Konan University

A.M. Taylor

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Tsirou

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

C. Van Eldik

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

M. Vecchi

University of Groningen

C. Venter

North-West University

J. Vink

Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy

T. Wach

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

S.J. Wagner

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

A. Wierzcholska

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

M. Zacharias

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

A.A. Zdziarski

Polish Academy of Sciences

A. Zech

Paris Observatory

N. Żywucka

North-West University

S. Abe

University of Tokyo

A. Abhishek

University of Siena

A. Aguasca-Cabot

University of Barcelona

I. Agudo

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

T. Aniello

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

S. Ansoldi

University of Udine

L.A. Antonelli

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

A. Arbet Engels

Max Planck Society

C. Arcaro

University of Padua

M. Artero

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

K. Asano

University of Tokyo

A. Babic

University of Zagreb

C. Bakshi

Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)

U. Barres De Almeida

Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas

J.A. Barrio

IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)

L. Barrios-Jiménez

University of La Laguna

I. Batkovic

University of Padua

J. Baxter

University of Tokyo

J. Becerra González

University of La Laguna

W. Bednarek

University of Lodz

E. Bernardini

University of Padua

J. Bernete

Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)

A. Berti

Max Planck Society

J. Besenrieder

Max Planck Society

C. Bigongiari

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

O. Blanch

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

H. Bökenkamp

Technische Universität Dortmund

G. Bonnoli

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Ž. Bošnjak

University of Zagreb

E. Bronzini

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

I. Burelli

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

A. Campoy-Ordaz

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)

A. Carosi

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

R. Carosi

University of Pisa

M. Carretero-Castrillo

University of Barcelona

A.J. Castro-Tirado

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

D. Cerasole

Polytechnic University of Bari

G. Ceribella

Max Planck Society

Y. Chai

University of Tokyo

A. Chilingarian

Yerevan Physics Institute

A. Cifuentes

Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)

J.L. Contreras

IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)

J. Cortina

Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)

S. Covino

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

G. D'Amico

University of Bergen

P. Da Vela

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

F. Dazzi

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

A. De Angelis

University of Padua

B. De Lotto

University of Udine

M. Delfino

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

C. Delgado Mendez

Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)

F. Di Pierro

University of Turin

R. Di Tria

Polytechnic University of Bari

L. Di Venere

Polytechnic University of Bari

A. Dinesh

IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)

D. Dominis Prester

University of Rijeka

A. Donini

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

M. Doro

University of Padua

J. Escudero

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

L. Fariña

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

A. Fattorini

Technische Universität Dortmund

L. Foffano

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

L. Font

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)

S. Fröse

Technische Universität Dortmund

Y. Fukazawa

Hiroshima University

S. Gasparyan

ICRANet Armenia

M. Gaug

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)

J.G. Giesbrecht Paiva

Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas

N. Giglietto

Polytechnic University of Bari

F. Giordano

Polytechnic University of Bari

P. Gliwny

University of Lodz

N. Godinović

University of Split

T. Gradetzke

Technische Universität Dortmund

R. Grau

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

D. A. Green

Max Planck Society

J.G. Green

Max Planck Society

D. Hadasch

University of Tokyo

A. Hahn

Max Planck Society

T. Hassan

Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)

L. Heckmann

Max Planck Society

D. Hrupec

Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek

R. Imazawa

Hiroshima University

D. Israyelyan

ICRANet Armenia

I. Jiménez Martínez

Max Planck Society

J. Jiménez Quiles

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

J. Jormanainen

University of Turku

S. Kankkunen

University of Turku

T. Kayanoki

Hiroshima University

J. Konrad

Technische Universität Dortmund

P.M. Kouch

University of Turku

H. Kubo

University of Tokyo

J. Kushida

Tokai University

M. Láinez

IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)

A. Lamastra

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

E. Lindfors

University of Turku

S. Lombardi

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

F. Longo

University of Udine

R. López-Coto

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

M. López-Moya

IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)

A. López-Oramas

University of La Laguna

S. Loporchio

Polytechnic University of Bari

L. Lulić

University of Rijeka

E. Lyard

University of Geneva

P. Majumdar

Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)

M. Makariev

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

M. Mallamaci

University of Catania

G. Maneva

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

M. Manganaro

University of Rijeka

S. Mangano

Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)

S. Marchesi

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

M. Mariotti

University of Padua

M. Martínez

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

P. Maruševec

University of Zagreb

A. Mas-Aguilar

IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)

D. Mazin

University of Tokyo

S. Menchiari

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

J. Méndez Gallego

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

D. Miceli

University of Padua

J.M. Miranda

University of Siena

R. Mirzoyan

Max Planck Society

M. Molero González

University of La Laguna

E. Molina

University of La Laguna

H.A. Mondal

University of Tokyo

A. Moralejo

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

T. Nakamori

Yamagata University

C. Nanci

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

V. Neustroev

University of Oulu

M. Nievas Rosillo

University of La Laguna

C. Nigro

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

L. Nikolić

University of Siena

K. Nilsson

University of Turku

K. Nishijima

Tokai University

K. Noda

Chiba University

S. Nozaki

University of Tokyo

A. Okumura

Nagoya University

J. Otero-Santos

University of Padua

S. Paiano

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

D. Paneque

Max Planck Society

J.M. Paredes

University of Barcelona

M. Peresano

Max Planck Society

M. Persic

University of Udine

M. Pihet

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

F. Podobnik

University of Siena

P. G. P. Moroni

University of Pisa

E. Prandini

University of Padua

M. Ribó

University of Barcelona

J. Rico

Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra

T. Saito

University of Tokyo

S. Sakurai

University of Tokyo

K. Satalecka

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

F.G. Saturni

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

K. Schmidt

Technische Universität Dortmund

F. Schmuckermaier

Max Planck Society

J.L. Schubert

Technische Universität Dortmund

A. Sciaccaluga

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

G. Silvestri

University of Padua

J. Sitarek

University of Lodz

D. Sobczynska

University of Lodz

A. Stamerra

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

J. Strišković

Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek

D. Strom

Max Planck Society

M. Strzys

University of Tokyo

Y. Suda

Hiroshima University

H. Tajima

Nagoya University

M. Takahashi

Nagoya University

F. Tavecchio

University of Tokyo

P. Temnikov

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

K. Terauchi

Kyoto University

T. Terzić

University of Rijeka

A. Tutone

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

S. Ubach

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)

J. Van Scherpenberg

Max Planck Society

M. Vazquez Acosta

University of La Laguna

S. Ventura

University of Siena

G. Verna

University of Siena

I. Viale

University of Turin

A. Vigliano

University of Udine

C.F. Vigorito

University of Turin

E. Visentin

University of Turin

V. Vitale

University of Rome Tor Vergata

I. Vovk

University of Tokyo

F. Wersig

Technische Universität Dortmund

M. Will

Max Planck Society

T. Yamamoto

Konan University

P.K.H. Yeung

University of Tokyo

S. Yoo

Kyoto University

A. Acharyya

University of Southern Denmark

A. Archer

DePauw University

P. Bangale

Temple University

J.T. Bartkoske

University of Utah

W. Benbow

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

J.H. Buckley

Washington University in St. Louis

Y. Chen

University of California

J.L. Christiansen

California State University

A.J. Chromey

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

M. Errando

Washington University in St. Louis

S. Feldman

University of California

Q. Feng

University of Utah

S. Filbert

University of Utah

L. Fortson

College of Science and Engineering

A. Furniss

University of California

W. Hanlon

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

O. Hervet

University of California

C.E. Hinrichs

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

J. Holder

University of Delaware

Z. Hughes

Washington University in St. Louis

T.B. Humensky

University of Maryland

W. Jin

University of California

M.N. Johnson

University of California

P. Kaaret

University of Iowa

M. Kertzman

DePauw University

M. Kherlakian

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

D. Kieda

University of Utah

T.K. Kleiner

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

N. Korzoun

University of Delaware

M.J. Lang

National University of Ireland

M. Lundy

McGill University

G. Maier

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M.J. Millard

University of Iowa

J. Millis

Ball State University

P. Moriarty

National University of Ireland

R. Mukherjee

Columbia University

W. Ning

University of California

R.A. Ong

University of California

A. Pandey

University of Utah

M. Pohl

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Quinn

University College Dublin

P.L. Rabinowitz

Washington University in St. Louis

K. Ragan

McGill University

P.T. Reynolds

Cork Institute Of Technology

D. Ribeiro

College of Science and Engineering

E. Roache

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

I. Sadeh

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

A.C. Sadun

University of Colorado

L. Saha

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

M. Santander

University of Alabama

G.H. Sembroski

Purdue University

R. Shang

Columbia University

D. Tak

Seoul National University

A.K. Talluri

College of Science and Engineering

J.V. Tucci

Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis

J. Valverde

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

V.V. Vassiliev

University of California

D.A. Williams

University of California

S.L. Wong

McGill University

S. Buson

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

R. Abbasi

Loyola University of Chicago

M. Ackermann

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Adams

University of Canterbury

S. K. Agarwalla

University of Wisconsin

J.A. Aguilar

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

M. Ahlers

Niels Bohr Institute

J. M. Alameddine

Technische Universität Dortmund

S. Ali

University of Kansas

N.M. Amin

University of Delaware

K. Andeen

Marquette University

C. Argüelles

Harvard University

Y. Ashida

University of Utah

S. Athanasiadou

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

S. N. Axani

University of Delaware

R. Babu

Michigan State University

X. Bai

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

J. Baines-Holmes

University of Wisconsin

A. V. Balagopal

University of Wisconsin

S. W. Barwick

University of California

S. Bash

Technical University of Munich

V. Basu

University of Utah

R. Bay

University of California

J.J. Beatty

Ohio State University

Julia Tjus

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics

P. Behrens

RWTH Aachen University

J. Beise

Uppsala University

C. Bellenghi

Technical University of Munich

B. Benkel

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

S. Benzvi

University of Rochester

D. Berley

University of Maryland

D. Z. Besson

University of Kansas

E. Blaufuss

University of Maryland

L. Bloom

University of Alabama

S. Blot

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

I. Bodo

University of Wisconsin

F. Bontempo

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

J. Y. Book

Harvard University

C. Boscolo Meneguolo

University of Padua

S. Böser

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

O. Botner

Uppsala University

J. Böttcher

RWTH Aachen University

J. Braun

University of Wisconsin

B. Brinson

Georgia Institute of Technology

Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis

Queen's University

R. T. Burley

University of Adelaide

D. Butterfield

University of Wisconsin

M.A. Campana

Drexel University

K. Carloni

Harvard University

J. Carpio

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

J. Krishnamoorthi

University of Wisconsin

N. Chau

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

Z. Chen

Stony Brook University

D. Chirkin

University of Wisconsin

S. Choi

University of Utah

B.A. Clark

University of Maryland

A. Coleman

Uppsala University

P. Coleman

RWTH Aachen University

G.H. Collin

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

D. A.Coloma Borja

University of Padua

A. Connolly

Ohio State University

J.M. Conrad

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

D. F. Cowen

Pennsylvania State University

C. De Clercq

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

J.J. Delaunay

Pennsylvania State University

D. Delgado

Harvard University

T. Delmeulle

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

S. Deng

RWTH Aachen University

P. Desiati

University of Wisconsin

K. D. De Vries

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

G. De Wasseige

Universite catholique de Louvain

T. Deyoung

Michigan State University

J. C. Díaz-Vélez

University of Wisconsin

S. DiKerby

Michigan State University

T. Ding

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

M. Dittmer

University of Münster

A. Domi

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

L. Draper

University of Utah

L. Dueser

RWTH Aachen University

D. Durnford

University of Alberta

K. Dutta

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

M. A. Duvernois

University of Wisconsin

T. Ehrhardt

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

L. Eidenschink

Technical University of Munich

A. Eimer

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

P. Eller

Technical University of Munich

E. Ellinger

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

R. Engel

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

H. Erpenbeck

University of Wisconsin

W. Esmail

University of Münster

S. Eulig

Harvard University

J. Evans

University of Maryland

P.A. Evenson

University of Delaware

K.L. Fan

University of Maryland

K. Fang

University of Wisconsin

K. Farrag

Chiba University

A. R. Fazely

Southern University and A&M College

A. Fedynitch

Academia Sinica

N. Feigl

Humboldt University of Berlin

C. Finley

Oskar Klein Centre

L. Fischer

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

D. Fox

Pennsylvania State University

A. Franckowiak

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

S. Fukami

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

P. Fürst

RWTH Aachen University

J. S. Gallagher III

University of Wisconsin Madison

E. Ganster

RWTH Aachen University

A. Garcia

Harvard University

M. Garcia

University of Delaware

G. Garg

University of Wisconsin

E. Genton

Harvard University

L. Gerhardt

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

A. Ghadimi

University of Alabama

C. Glaser

Uppsala University

T. Glüsenkamp

Uppsala University

J.G. Gonzalez

University of Delaware

S. Goswami

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

A. Granados

Michigan State University

D. Grant

Simon Fraser University

S.J. Gray

University of Maryland

S. Griffin

University of Wisconsin

S. Griswold

University of Rochester

K.M. Groth

Niels Bohr Institute

D. Guevel

University of Wisconsin

C. Günther

RWTH Aachen University

P. Gutjahr

Technische Universität Dortmund

C. Ha

Chung-Ang University

C. Haack

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

A. Hallgren

Uppsala University

L. Halve

RWTH Aachen University

F. Halzen

University of Wisconsin

L. Hamacher

RWTH Aachen University

M. Ha Minh

Technical University of Munich

M. Handt

RWTH Aachen University

K. Hanson

University of Wisconsin

J. Hardin

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

A.A. Harnisch

Michigan State University

P. Hatch

Queen's University

A. Haungs

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

J. Häußler

RWTH Aachen University

K. Helbing

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

J. Hellrung

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

B. Henke

Michigan State University

L. Hennig

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

F. Henningsen

Simon Fraser University

L. Heuermann

RWTH Aachen University

R. Hewett

University of Canterbury

N. Heyer

Uppsala University

S. Hickford

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

A. Hidvegi

Oskar Klein Centre

C. Hill

Chiba University

G.C. Hill

University of Adelaide

R. Hmaid

Chiba University

K.D. Hoffman

University of Maryland

D. Hooper

University of Wisconsin

S. Hori

University of Wisconsin

K. Hoshina

University of Wisconsin

M. Hostert

Harvard University

W. Hou

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

M. Hrywniak

Oskar Klein Centre

T. Huber

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

K. Hultqvist

Oskar Klein Centre

K. Hymon

Technische Universität Dortmund

A. Ishihara

Chiba University

W. Iwakiri

Chiba University

M. Jacquart

Niels Bohr Institute

S. Jain

University of Wisconsin

O. Janik

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

M. Jansson

Universite catholique de Louvain

M. Jeong

University of Utah

M. Jin

Harvard University

N. Kamp

Harvard University

D. Kang

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

W. Kang

Drexel University

X. Kang

Drexel University

A. Kappes

University of Münster

L. Kardum

Technische Universität Dortmund

T. Karg

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Karl

Technical University of Munich

A. Karle

University of Wisconsin

A. Katil

University of Alberta

M. Kauer

University of Wisconsin

J.L. Kelley

University of Wisconsin

M. Khanal

University of Utah

A. Khatee Zathul

University of Wisconsin

A. Kheirandish

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

H. Kimku

Chung-Ang University

J. Kiryluk

Stony Brook University

C. Klein

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

S.R. Klein

University of California

Y. Kobayashi

Chiba University

A. Kochocki

Michigan State University

R. Koirala

University of Delaware

H. Kolanoski

Humboldt University of Berlin

T. Kontrimas

Technical University of Munich

L. Köpke

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

C. Kopper

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

D.J. Koskinen

Niels Bohr Institute

P. Koundal

University of Delaware

M. Kowalski

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

T. Kozynets

Niels Bohr Institute

A. Kravka

University of Utah

N. Krieger

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

J. Krishnamoorthi

University of Wisconsin

T. Krishnan

Harvard University

K. Kruiswijk

Universite catholique de Louvain

E. Krupczak

Michigan State University

A. Kumar

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

Emma Kun

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

N. Kurahashi

Drexel University

N. Lad

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

C. Lagunas Gualda

Technical University of Munich

L. Lallement Arnaud

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

M. Lamoureux

Universite catholique de Louvain

M.J. Larson

University of Maryland

F. Lauber

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

J.P. Lazar

Universite catholique de Louvain

K. Leonard Deholton

Eberly College of Science

A. Leszczyńska

University of Delaware

J. Liao

Georgia Institute of Technology

C. Lin

University of Delaware

Y. Liu

Eberly College of Science

M. Liubarska

University of Alberta

C. Love

Drexel University

L. Lu

University of Wisconsin

F. Lucarelli

University of Geneva

W. Luszczak

Ohio State University

Y. Lyu

University of California

M. Macdonald

Harvard University

J. Madsen

University of Wisconsin

E. Magnus

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Y. Makino

University of Wisconsin

E. Manao

Technical University of Munich

S. Mancina

University of Padua

A. Mand

University of Wisconsin

I.C. Mariş

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

S. Marka

Columbia University

Z. Marka

Columbia University

L. Marten

RWTH Aachen University

I. Martinez-Soler

Harvard University

R. Maruyama

Yale University

J. Mauro

Universite catholique de Louvain

F. Mayhew

Michigan State University

F. McNally

Mercer University

J.V. Mead

Niels Bohr Institute

K. Meagher

University of Wisconsin

S. Mechbal

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

A. Medina

Ohio State University

M. Meier

Chiba University

Y. Merckx

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

L. Merten

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

J. Mitchell

Southern University and A&M College

L. Molchany

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

S. Mondal

University of Utah

T. Montaruli

University of Geneva

R. W. Moore

University of Alberta

Y. Morii

Chiba University

A. Mosbrugger

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

M. Moulai

University of Wisconsin

D. Mousadi

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

E. Moyaux

Universite catholique de Louvain

T. Mukherjee

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

R. Naab

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Nakos

University of Wisconsin

U. Naumann

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

J. Necker

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

L. Neste

Oskar Klein Centre

M. Neumann

University of Münster

H. Niederhausen

Michigan State University

M.U. Nisa

Michigan State University

A. Noell

RWTH Aachen University

A. Novikov

University of Delaware

A. Obertacke Pollmann

Oskar Klein Centre

V. O'Dell

University of Wisconsin

A. Olivas

University of Maryland

R. Orsoe

Technical University of Munich

J. Osborn

University of Wisconsin

E. O'Sullivan

Uppsala University

V. Palus̆ová

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

H. Pandya

University of Delaware

A. Parenti

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

N. Park

Queen's University

V. Parrish

Michigan State University

E.N. Paudel

University of Alabama

L. Paul

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

C. Pérez de los Heros

Uppsala University

T. Pernice

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

T.C. Petersen

Niels Bohr Institute

J. Peterson

University of Wisconsin

M. Plum

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

A. Pontén

Uppsala University

V. Poojyam

University of Alabama

Y. Popovych

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

M. Prado Rodriguez

University of Wisconsin

B. Pries

Michigan State University

R. Procter-Murphy

University of Maryland

G.T. Przybylski

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

L. Pyras

University of Utah

C. Raab

Universite catholique de Louvain

J. Rack-Helleis

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

N. Rad

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

M. Ravn

Uppsala University

K. Rawlins

University of Alaska Anchorage

Z. Rechav

University of Wisconsin

A. Rehman

University of Delaware

I. Reistroffer

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

E. Resconi

Technical University of Munich

S. Reusch

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

C.D. Rho

Sungkyunkwan University

L. Ricca

Universite catholique de Louvain

B. Riedel

University of Wisconsin

A. Rifaie

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

E.J. Roberts

University of Adelaide

M. Rongen

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

A. Rosted

Chiba University

C. Rott

University of Utah

T. Ruhe

Technische Universität Dortmund

L. Ruohan

Technical University of Munich

D. Ryckbosch

Ghent university

J. Saffer

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

D. Salazar-Gallegos

Michigan State University

P. Sampathkumar

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

A. Sandrock

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

G. Sanger-Johnson

Michigan State University

S. Sarkar

University of Oxford

J. Savelberg

RWTH Aachen University

M. Scarnera

Universite catholique de Louvain

P. Schaile

Technical University of Munich

M. Schaufel

RWTH Aachen University

H. Schieler

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

S. Schindler

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

L. Schlickmann

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

B. Schlüter

University of Münster

F. Schlüter

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

N. Schmeisser

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

T. Schmidt

University of Maryland

F.G. Schröder

University of Delaware

L. Schumacher

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

S. Schwirn

RWTH Aachen University

S. Sclafani

University of Maryland

D. Seckel

University of Delaware

L. Seen

University of Wisconsin

M. Seikh

University of Kansas

S. Seunarine

University of Wisconsin

P. Sevle Myhr

Universite catholique de Louvain

R. Shah

Drexel University

S. Shefali

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

N. Shimizu

Chiba University

B. Skrzypek

University of California

R. Snihur

University of Wisconsin

J. Soedingrekso

Technische Universität Dortmund

A. Sègaard

Niels Bohr Institute

D. Soldin

University of Utah

P. Soldin

RWTH Aachen University

G. Sommani

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

C. Spannfellner

Technical University of Munich

G.M. Spiczak

University of Wisconsin

C. Spiering

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Stachurska

Ghent university

M. Stamatikos

Ohio State University

T. Stanev

University of Delaware

T. Stezelberger

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

T. Stürwald

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

T. Stuttard

Niels Bohr Institute

G.W. Sullivan

University of Maryland

I. Taboada

Georgia Institute of Technology

S. Ter-Antonyan

Southern University and A&M College

A. Terliuk

Technical University of Munich

A. Thakuri

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

M. Thiesmeyer

University of Wisconsin

W.G. Thompson

Harvard University

J. Thwaites

University of Wisconsin

S. Tilav

University of Delaware

K. Tollefson

Michigan State University

S. Toscano

Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

D. Tosi

University of Wisconsin

A. Trettin

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

A.K. Upadhyay

University of Wisconsin

K. Upshaw

Southern University and A&M College

A. Vaidyanathan

Marquette University

N. Valtonen-Mattila

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

J. Vandenbroucke

University of Wisconsin

T. Van Eeden

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

N. Van Eijndhoven

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

L. Van Rootselaar

Technische Universität Dortmund

J. Van Santen

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

J. Vara

University of Münster

F. Varsi

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

M. Venugopal

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

M. Vereecken

Universite catholique de Louvain

S. Vergara Carrasco

University of Canterbury

S. Verpoest

University of Delaware

D. Veske

Columbia University

A. Vijai

University of Maryland

J. Villarreal

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

C. Walck

Oskar Klein Centre

A. Wang

Georgia Institute of Technology

E.H.S. Warrick

University of Alabama

C. Weaver

Michigan State University

P. Weigel

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

A. Weindl

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

J. Weldert

Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

A.Y. Wen

Harvard University

C. Wendt

University of Wisconsin

J. Werthebach

Technische Universität Dortmund

M. Weyrauch

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

Nathan Whitehorn

Michigan State University

C.H. Wiebusch

RWTH Aachen University

D.R. Williams

University of Alabama

L. Witthaus

Technische Universität Dortmund

M. Wolf

Technical University of Munich

G. Wrede

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)

X.W. Xu

Southern University and A&M College

J.P. Yanez

University of Alberta

Y. Yao

University of Wisconsin

E. Yildizci

University of Wisconsin

S. Yoshida

Chiba University

R. Young

University of Kansas

F. Yu

Harvard University

S. Yu

University of Utah

T. Yuan

University of Wisconsin

A. Zander Jurowitzki

Technical University of Munich

A. Zegarelli

Ruhr-Universität Bochum

Shuo Zhang

Michigan State University

Z. Zhang

Stony Brook University

P. Zhelnin

Harvard University

P. Zilberman

University of Wisconsin

F. D'Ammando

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Astrophysical Journal

0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)

Vol. 997 2 141

Subject Categories (SSIF 2025)

Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology

Subatomic Physics

DOI

10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c4e

More information

Latest update

4/29/2026