V2G Service Blueprint Co-Design: Case Study from Sweden

Journal article, 2026

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is increasingly recognized as a promising source of flexibility for low-carbon energy systems, yet its deployment remains limited in practice. While previous research has largely focused on technical feasibility and market integration, less attention has been paid to V2G as a multi-actor service system. This study addresses that gap by applying a service design perspective to the co-development of a V2G service blueprint in the Swedish context. The research was conducted through an exploratory multi-stakeholder co-design process. The resulting blueprint maps customer actions, frontstage and backstage processes, stakeholder interactions, and communication flows across the V2G service lifecycle. The study identifies several service-level challenges related to onboarding, coordination, pre-qualification, contractual complexity, and user-facing value communication. The findings show how service blueprinting can support the structuring, analysis, and early-stage design of V2G services, while also highlighting the need for further validation in pilot implementation and across different regulatory contexts.