Hierarchical Energy Management and Control Strategy for HydrogenElectricity Coupled DC Microgrids

Journal article, 2026

Hydrogen - electricity coupled DC microgrids (HE-DCMGs) represent a promising and sustainable solution for off-grid power supply. However, achieving high economic performance while ensuring DC bus voltage stability is a critically challenging task. This study proposes a hierarchical energy management and control strategy for HE-DCMGs that integrates an adaptive mutation Harris hawks optimization (AMH-HO) algorithm at the system level with a fractional-order sliding mode controller (FOSMC) at the device level. A multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to minimize hydrogen consumption and reduce degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries. The AMHHO algorithm, augmented with differential evolution and L & eacute;vy flight mechanism, determines the optimal power allocation among distributed sources, while the FOSMC provides robust DC bus voltage regulation. The proposed strategy is validated on a 750 V HE-DCMG experimental platform capable of 168 hours of off-grid operation. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy reduces long-term operating costs and improves energy-utilization efficiency, achieving an overall system efficiency of 80.49%-97.37%. The DC bus voltage is maintained with a response time of 0.02 s, a low overshoot of 3.7%, and a voltage fluctuation rate of 3.08%, all of which comply with the requirements of IEEE Std 1547-2018.