Radio observations of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 before and after Deep Impact
Journal article, 2007

Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was the target of a multi-wavelength worldwide investigation in 2005. The NASA Deep Impact mission reached the comet on 4.24 July 2005, delivering a 370-kg impactor which hit the comet at 10.3 km s -1 . Following this impact, a cloud of gas and dust was excavated from the comet nucleus. The comet was observed in 2005 prior to and after the impact, at 18-cm wavelength with the Nançay radio telescope, in the millimeter range with the IRAM and CSO radio telescopes, and at 557 GHz with the Odin satellite. OH observations at Nançay provided a 4-month monitoring of the outgassing of the comet from March to June, followed by the observation of H 2 O with Odin from June to August 2005. The peak of outgassing was found to be around 1 × 10 28   molec. s -1 between May and July. Observations conducted with the IRAM 30-m radio telescope in May and July 2005 resulted in detections of HCN, CH 3 OH and H 2 S with classical abundances relative to water (0.12, 2.7 and 0.5%, respectively). In addition, a variation of the HCN production rate with a period of 1.73 ± 0.10 days was observed in May 2005, consistent with the 1.7-day rotation period of the nucleus. The phase of these variations, as well as those of CN seen in July by Jehin et al. [Jehin, E., Manfroid, J., Hutsemékers, D., Cochran, A.L., Arpigny, C., Jackson, W.M., Rauer, H., Schulz, R., Zucconi, J.-M., 2006. Astrophys. J. 641, L145-L148], is consistent with a rotation period of the nucleus of 1.715 days and a strong variation of the outgassing activity by a factor 3 from minimum to maximum. This also implies that the impact took place on the rising phase of the "natural" outgassing which reached its maximum ≈4 h after the impact. Post-impact observations at IRAM and CSO did not reveal a significant change of the outgassing rates and relative abundances, with the exception of CH 3 OH which may have been more abundant by up to one order of magnitude in the ejecta. Most other variations are linked to the intrinsic variability of the comet. The Odin satellite monitored nearly continuously the H 2 O line at 557 GHz during the 38 h following the impact on the 4th of July, in addition to weekly monitoring. Once the periodic variations related to the nucleus rotation are removed, a small increase of outgassing related to the impact is present, which corresponds to the release of ≈ 5000 ± 2000 tons of water. Two other bursts of activity, also observed at other wavelengths, were seen on 23 June and 7 July; they correspond to even larger releases of gas. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Author

N. Biver

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

D. Bockelée-Morvan

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

J. Boissier

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

J. Crovisier

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

P. Colom

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

A. Lecacheux

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

R. Moreno

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

G. Paubert

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

D. Lis

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

M. Sumner

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

U. Frisk

Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)

Åke Hjalmarson

Chalmers, Department of Radio and Space Science, Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics

Michael Olberg

Chalmers, Department of Radio and Space Science, National Facility for Radio Astronomy

Anders Winnberg

Chalmers, Department of Radio and Space Science, Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics

H.-G. Florén

Stockholm Observatory

Aa. Sandqvist

Stockholm Observatory

S. Kwok

University of Calgary

Academia Sinica

Icarus

0019-1035 (ISSN) 1090-2643 (eISSN)

Vol. 191 2 494-512

Subject Categories

Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology

DOI

10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.043

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