Biocompatibility evaluation of densified bacterial nanocellulose hydrogel as an implant material for auricular cartilage regeneration
Journal article, 2014

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), synthesized by the bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus, is composed of highly hydrated fibrils (99 % water) with high mechanical strength. These exceptional material properties make BNC a novel biomaterial for many potential medical and tissue engineering applications. Recently, BNC with cellulose content of 15 % has been proposed as an implant material for auricular cartilage replacement, since it matches the mechanical requirements of human auricular cartilage. This study investigates the biocompatibility of BNC with increased cellulose content (17 %) to evaluate its response in vitro and in vivo. Cylindrical BNC structures (48 Au 20 mm) were produced, purified in a built-in house perfusion system, and compressed to increase the cellulose content in BNC hydrogels. The reduction of endotoxicity of the material was quantified by bacterial endotoxin analysis throughout the purification process. Afterward, the biocompatibility of the purified BNC hydrogels with cellulose content of 17 % was assessed in vitro and in vivo, according to standards set forth in ISO 10993. The endotoxin content in non-purified BNC (2,390 endotoxin units (EU)/ml) was reduced to 0.10 EU/ml after the purification process, level well below the endotoxin threshold set for medical devices. Furthermore, the biocompatibility tests demonstrated that densified BNC hydrogels are non-cytotoxic and cause a minimal foreign body response. In support with our previous findings, this study concludes that BNC with increased cellulose content of 17 % is a promising non-resorbable biomaterial for auricular cartilage tissue engineering, due to its similarity with auricular cartilage in terms of mechanical strength and host tissue response.

CHONDROCYTES

SYSTEMS

Endotoxin analysis

Bacterial cellulose

CELLULOSE SCAFFOLDS

POTENTIAL SCAFFOLD

BEHAVIOR

ACETOBACTER-XYLINUM

Auricular cartilage tissue

INFLAMMATION

Depyrogenation

PLA

Biocompatibility

RESPONSES

Author

Hector Martinez Avila

Chalmers, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology

S. Schwarz

University Hospital of Ulm

Eva-Maria Feldmann

University Hospital of Ulm

Athanasios Mantas

Chalmers, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology

A. von Bomhard

University Hospital of Ulm

Paul Gatenholm

Chalmers, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology

N. Rotter

University Hospital of Ulm

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

0175-7598 (ISSN) 1432-0614 (eISSN)

Vol. 98 17 7423-7435

Subject Categories

Bio Materials

Bioprocess Technology

Biomaterials Science

Medical Materials

DOI

10.1007/s00253-014-5819-z

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2/4/2022 9