Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Journal article, 2018
Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations.
Author
Nancy Fullman
University of Washington
Jamal Yearwood
University of Washington
Solomon M. Abay
Addis Ababa University
Cristiana Abbafati
Sapienza University of Rome
Foad Abd-Allah
Cairo University
Jemal Abdela
Haramaya University
Ahmed Abdelalim
Cairo University
Zegeye Abebe
University of Gondar
Teshome Abuka Abebo
Hawassa University
Victor Aboyans
Hopital Dupuytren
Haftom Niguse Abraha
Mekelle University
Daisy M.X. Abreu
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar
Akilew Awoke Adane
University of Gondar
Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin
Obafemi Awolowo University
Olatunji Adetokunboh
Obafemi Awolowo University
Tara Ballav Adhikari
University of Southern Denmark
Mohsen Afarideh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ashkan Afshin
University of Washington
Gina Agarwal
McMaster University
Dominic Agius
Directorate for Health Information and Research
Anurag Agrawal
Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
Sutapa Agrawal
Public Health Foundation of India
Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri
Lund University
Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour
High National School of Veterinary Medicine
Mohammed Akibu
Debre Berhan University
Rufus Olusola Akinyemi
University of Ibadan
Tomi F. Akinyemiju
University of Alabama
Nadia Akseer
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Faris Hasan Al Lami
Baghdad College of Medicine
Fares Alahdab
Mayo Clinic
Ziyad Al-Aly
Washington University in St. Louis
Khurshid Alam
University of Western Australia
Tahiya Alam
University of Washington
Deena Alasfoor
Ministry of Health
Mohammed I. Albittar
Kefyalew Addis Alene
University of Gondar
Ayman Al-Eyadhy
King Saud University
Syed Danish Ali
University of London
Mehran Alijanzadeh
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Syed M. Aljunid
University of Kuwait
Ala'a Alkerwi
Luxembourg Institute of Health
François Alla
University of Lorraine
Peter Allebeck
Karolinska Institutet
Christine Allen
University of Washington
Mahmoud A. Alomari
Public Health and Family Medicine
Rajaa Al-Raddadi
King Abdulaziz University
Ubai Alsharif
Charité University Medicine Berlin
Khalid A. Altirkawi
King Saud University
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
University of Cartagena
Azmeraw T. Amare
University of Adelaide
Kebede Amenu
Addis Ababa University
Walid Ammar
Ministry of Public Health
Yaw Ampem Amoako
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
Nahla Anber
Mansoura University
Catalina Liliana Andrei
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Sofia Androudi
University of Thessaly
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
University of the Philippines Manila
Valdelaine E.M. Araújo
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Olatunde Aremu
University Department of Public Health and Therapies
Johan Ärnlöv
Karolinska Institutet
Al Artaman
University of Manitoba
Krishna Kumar Aryal
Nepal Health Research Council
Hamid Asayesh
School of Paramedical
Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw
Mekelle University
Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
Mekelle University
Rana Jawad Asghar
South Asian Public Health Forum
Mengistu Mitiku Ashebir
Mekelle University
Netsanet Abera Asseffa
Wolaita Sodo University
Tesfay Mehari Atey
Mekelle University
Sachin R. Atre
Centre for Clinical Global Health Education
Madhu S. Atteraya
Keimyung University
Leticia Avila-Burgos
National Institute of Public Health
Euripide Frinel G. Arthur Avokpaho
Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin
Ashish Awasthi
Indian Institute of Public Health
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
La Trobe University
Animut Alebel Ayalew
Debre Markos University
Henok Tadesse Ayele
McGill University
Rakesh Ayer
University of Tokyo
Tambe Betrand Ayuk
Institute of Medical Research and Plant Medicinal Studies-Cameroon
Peter Azzopardi
Burnet Institute
Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat
Directorate for Health Information and Research
Tesleem Kayode Babalola
University of Lagos
Hamid Badali
Invasive Fungi Research Center
Alaa Badawi
Faculty of Medicine
Maciej Banach
Medical University of Lodz
Amitava Banerjee
University College London (UCL)
Amrit Banstola
Public Health Perspective Nepal
Ryan M. Barber
University of Washington
Miguel A. Barboza
CCSS
Suzanne L. Barker-Collo
University of Auckland
Till Bärnighausen
Harvard School of Public Health
Simon Barquera
National Institute of Public Health
Lope H. Barrero
School of Engineering
Quique Bassat
University of Barcelona
Sanjay Basu
Stanford University
Bernhard T. Baune
University of Adelaide
Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science
Neeraj Bedi
Jazan University
Ettore Beghi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Masoud Behzadifar
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Meysam Behzadifar
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Bayu Begashaw Bekele
University of Gondar
Abate Bekele Belachew
Mekelle University
Saba Abraham Belay
Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College
Yihalem Abebe Belay
Debre Markos University
Michelle L. Bell
Yale University
Aminu K. Bello
University of Alberta
Derrick A. Bennett
Nuffield Department of Population Health
James R. Bennett
University of Washington
Isabela M. Bensenor
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Derbew Fikadu Berhe
Mekelle University
Eduardo Bernabé
King's College London
Robert S. Bernstein
Rollins School of Public Health
Mircea Beuran
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Ashish Bhalla
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Paurvi Bhatt
Medtronic Philanthropy
Soumyadeep Bhaumik
Public Health Foundation of India
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Belete Biadgo
University of Gondar
Ali Bijani
Health Research Institute
Boris Bikbov
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Charles Birungi
University College London (UCL)
Stan Biryukov
University of Washington
Hailemichael Bizuneh
St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College
Ian W. Bolliger
University of Washington
Kaylin Bolt
University of Washington
Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm
Ministry of Public Health
Kayvan Bozorgmehr
University Hospital Heidelberg
Oliver Jerome Brady
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Alexandra Brazinova
Comenius University in Bratislava
Nicholas J.K. Breitborde
Ohio State University
Hermann Brenner
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
Gabrielle Britton
INDICASAT AIP
Traolach S. Brugha
University Of Leicester
Zahid A. Butt
Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital
Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado
National Institute of Public Health
Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato
National Institute of Public Health
Julio Cesar Campuzano
National Institute of Public Health
Josip Car
Nanyang Technological University
Mate Car
Imperial College London
Rosario Cárdenas
Metropolitan Autonomous University
Juan Jesus Carrero
Karolinska Institutet
Felix Carvalho
Faculty of Pharmacy
Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela
Instituto Nacional de Salud
Jacqueline Castillo Rivas
University of Costa Rica
Ferrán Catalá-López
Universitat de Valencia
Kelly Cercy
University of Washington
Julian Chalek
University of Washington
Hsing-Yi Chang
National Health Research Institutes
Jung-Chen Chang
College of Medicine
Aparajita Chattopadhyay
International Institute for Population Sciences
Pankaj Chaturvedi
Tata Memorial Hospital
Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang
Gold Coast Health
Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa
University of Zambia
Jee-Young J. Choi
Seoul National University
Hanne Christensen
Bispebjerg Hospital
Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher
Christian Medical College
Sheng-Chia Chung
University College London (UCL)
Liliana G. Ciobanu
University of Adelaide
Massimo Cirillo
University of Salerno
Danny Colombara
University of Washington
Sara Conti
University of Milano-Bicocca
Cyrus Cooper
NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre
Leslie Cornaby
University of Washington
Paolo Angelo Cortesi
Research Centre on Public Health
Monica Cortinovis
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Alexandre Costa Pereira
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Ewerton Cousin
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Michael H. Criqui
University of California
Elizabeth A. Cromwell
University of Washington
Christopher Stephen Crowe
University of Washington
John A. Crump
University of Otago
Alemneh Kabeta Daba
Hawassa University
Berihun Assefa Dachew
University of Gondar
Abel Fekadu Dadi
University of Gondar
Lalit Dandona
University of Washington
Rakhi Dandona
University of Washington
Paul I. Dargan
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
Ahmad Daryani
Toxoplasmosis Research Center
Maryam Daryani
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Jai Das
Aga Khan University
Siddharth Kumar Das
King George's Medical University
José Das Neves
INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica
Nicole Davis Weaver
University of Washington
Kairat Davletov
Kazakh National Medical University
Barbora De Courten
Monash University
Diego De Leo
Griffith University
Jan-Walter De Neve
Heidelberg Institute of Public Health
Robert P. Dellavalle
Colorado School of Public Health
Gebre Demoz
Addis Ababa University
Kebede Deribe
Addis Ababa University
Don C. Des Jarlais
Mount Sinai Beth Israel
Subhojit Dey
Indian Institute of Public Health
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
University of Peradeniya
Meghnath Dhimal
Nepal Health Research Council
Shirin Djalalinia
Undersecretary for Research and Technology
David Teye Doku
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Kate Dolan
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
E. Ray Dorsey
University of Rochester
Kadine Priscila Bender Dos Santos
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
Kerrie E. Doyle
Australian National University
Tim R. Driscoll
The University of Sydney
Manisha Dubey
International Institute for Population Sciences
Eleonora Dubljanin
University of Belgrade
Bruce Bartholow Duncan
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Michelle Echko
University of Washington
Dumessa Edessa
Haramaya University
David Edvardsson
La Trobe University
Joshua R. Ehrlich
University of Michigan
Erika Eldrenkamp
University of Washington
Ziad El-Khatib
Karolinska Institutet
Matthias Endres
Charité University Medicine Berlin
Aman Yesuf Endries
Arba Minch University
Babak Eshrati
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Alireza Esteghamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mahdi Fakhar
School of Medicine
Tamer Farag
University of Washington
Mahbobeh Faramarzi
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon
University of the Philippines Manila
André Faro
Federal University of Sergipe
Farshad Farzadfar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Adesegun Fatusi
Obafemi Awolowo University
Mir Sohail Fazeli
Doctor Evidence
Valery L. Feigin
Auckland University of Technology
Andrea B. Feigl
Harvard School of Public Health
Netsanet Fentahun
Faculty of Public Health
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Karolinska Institutet
Eduarda Fernandes
University of Porto
João C. Fernandes
Catholic University of Portugal
Daniel Obadare Fijabi
Brandeis University
Irina Filip
Kaiser Permanente
Florian Fischer
Bielefeld University
Christina Fitzmaurice
University of Washington
Abraham D. Flaxman
University of Washington
Luisa Sorio Flor
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Nataliya Foigt
Academy of Medical Science
Kyle J. Foreman
University of Washington
Joseph J. Frostad
University of Washington
Thomas Fürst
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)
University of Basel
Neal D. Futran
University of Washington
Emmanuela Gakidou
University of Washington
Silvano Gallus
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Ketevan Gambashidze
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Amiran Gamkrelidze
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Morsaleh Ganji
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Abadi Kahsu Gebre
Mekelle University
Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot
Jimma University
Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin
Jimma University
Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
University of Gondar
Johanna M. Geleijnse
Wageningen University and Research
Demeke Geremew
University of Gondar
Peter W. Gething
University of Oxford
Reza Ghadimi
Health Research Institute
Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani
Tehran
Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Paramjit Singh Gill
The University of Warwick
Ababi Zergaw Giref
Addis Ababa University
Maurice Giroud
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon
Melkamu Dedefo Gishu
Haramaya University
Giorgia Giussani
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
William W. Godwin
University of Washington
Srinivas Goli
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Hector Gomez-Dantes
National Institute of Public Health
Philimon N. Gona
University of Massachusetts Boston
Amador Goodridge
INDICASAT AIP
Sameer Vali Gopalani
Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
Yevgeniy Goryakin
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Alessandra Carvalho Goulart
Hospital Universitario
Ayman Grada
Boston University
Max Griswold
University of Washington
Giuseppe Grosso
University of Catania
Harish Chander Gugnani
Saint James School of Medicine
Yuming Guo
University of Queensland
Rahul Gupta
West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
Rajeev Gupta
Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
Tanush Gupta
Montefiore Medical Center
Tarun Gupta
Indian Institute of Technology
Vipin Gupta
University of Delhi
Juanita A. Haagsma
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Vladimir Hachinski
Western University
Nima Hafezi-Nejad
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Gessessew Bugssa Hailu
Mekelle University
Randah Ribhi Hamadeh
Arabian Gulf University
Samer Hamidi
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Graeme J. Hankey
University of Western Australia
Hilda L. Harb
Ministry of Public Health
Heather C. Harewood
Eunice Gibson Polyclinic
Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Josep Maria Haro
Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu-CIBERSAM
Hamid Yimam Hassen
Mizan Tepi University
Rasmus Havmoeller
Karolinska Institutet
Caitlin Hawley
University of Washington
Simon I. Hay
University of Washington
Jiawei He
University of Washington
Stephen J.C. Hearps
Murdoch Childrens Research Hospital
Mohamed I. Hegazy
Cairo University
Behzad Heibati
Air Pollution Research Center
Mohsen Heidari
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
Delia Hendrie
Curtin University
Nathaniel J. Henry
University of Washington
Victor Hugo Herrera Ballesteros
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health
Claudiu Herteliu
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu
Hawassa University
Molla Kahssay Hiluf
Samara University
Hans W. Hoek
University of Groningen
Enayatollah Homaie Rad
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Nobuyuki Horita
Yokohama City University
H. Dean Hosgood
Yeshiva University
Mostafa Hosseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Seyed Reza Hosseini
Health Research Institute
Mihaela Hostiuc
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Sorin Hostiuc
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Damian G. Hoy
Pacific Community
Mohamed Hsairi
Salah Azaiz Institute
Aung Soe Htet
International Relations Division
Guoqing Hu
Central South University
John J. Huang
Yale University
Kim Moesgaard Iburg
Aarhus University
Fachmi Idris
Sriwijaya University
Ehimario Uche Igumbor
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Chad Ikeda
University of Washington
Bogdan Vasile Ileanu
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Olayinka S. Ilesanmi
National Public Health Institute
Kaire Innos
National Institute for Health Development
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
Caleb M.S. Irvine
University of Washington
Farhad Islami
American Cancer Society
Troy A. Jacobs
USAID - Global Health Bureau
Kathryn H. Jacobsen
George Mason University
Nader Jahanmehr
School of Public Health
Rajesh Jain
Jain Hospital MSS
Sudhir Kumar Jain
National Centre For Disease Control Delhi
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
University of Washington
Moti Tolera Jalu
Haramaya University
Amr A. Jamal
King Saud University
Mehdi Javanbakht
University of Aberdeen
Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine
Panniyammakal Jeemon
Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions
Ravi Prakash Jha
Banaras Hindu University
Vivekanand Jha
University of Oxford
Jacek Józwiak
Częstochowa University of Technology
Oommen John
The George Institute for Global Health
Sarah Charlotte Johnson
University of Washington
Jost B. Jonas
Mannheim university hospital
Vasna Joshua
National Institute of Epidemiology
Mikk Jürisson
University of Tartu
Zubair Kabir
University College Cork
Rajendra Kadel
London School of Economics and Political Science
Amaha Kahsay
Mekelle University
Rizwan Kalani
University of Washington
Chittaranjan Kar
SCB Medical College
Marina Karanikolos
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
André Karch
Helmholtz
Corine Kakizi Karema
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)
Seyed M. Karimi
University of Washington
Amir Kasaeian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Dessalegn Haile Kassa
Debre Markos University
Getachew Mullu Kassa
Debre Markos University
Tesfaye Dessale Kassa
Mekelle University
Nicholas J. Kassebaum
University of Washington
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
University of Glasgow
Anil Kaul
Oklahoma State University
Norito Kawakami
University of Tokyo
Konstantin Kazanjan
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Seifu Kebede
Mekelle University
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases
Grant Rodgers Kemp
University of Washington
Andre Pascal Kengne
South African Medical Research Council
Maia Kereselidze
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Ezra Belay Ketema
Mekelle University
Yousef Saleh Khader
Public Health and Family Medicine
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Alireza Khajavi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ibrahim A. Khalil
University of Washington
Ejaz Ahmad Khan
Health Services Academy
Gulfaraz Khan
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Md Nuruzzaman Khan
University of Alabama
Muhammad Ali Khan
University of Tennessee
Mukti Nath Khanal
Health Management Information System
Young-Ho Khang
Department of Health Policy and Management
Mona M. Khater
Cairo University
Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja
Johns Hopkins University
Ardeshir Khosravi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Jagdish Khubchandani
Ball State University
Getiye Dejenu Kibret
Debre Markos University
Daniel Ngari Kiirithio
Kenya Revenue Authority
Daniel Kim
Northeastern University
Yun Jin Kim
Xiamen University Malaysia
Ruth W. Kimokoti
Simmons College
Yohannes Kinfu
University of Canberra
Sanjay Kinra
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Adnan Kisa
University of Oslo
Niranjan Kissoon
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Sonali Kochhar
University of Washington
Yoshihiro Kokubo
National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
Jacek A. Kopec
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Soewarta Kosen
Health Policy and Humanities
Parvaiz A. Koul
Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Ai Koyanagi
Research and Development Unit
Michael Kravchenko
Research Center of Neurology
Kewal Krishan
Panjab University
Kristopher J. Krohn
University of Washington
Barthelemy Kuate Defo
Université de Montréal
G. Anil Kumar
Public Health Foundation of India
Pushpendra Kumar
International Institute for Population Sciences
Michael Kutz
University of Washington
Igor Kuzin
State Institution Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine
Hmwe H. Kyu
University of Washington
Deepesh Pravinkumar Lad
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Alessandra Lafranconi
University of Milano-Bicocca
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Public Health Foundation of India
Ratilal Lalloo
University of Queensland
Hilton Lam
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Qing Lan
National Cancer Institute
Justin J. Lang
Public Health Agency of Canada
Van C. Lansingh
Inc.
Sonia Lansky
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Anders Larsson
Uppsala University
Arman Latifi
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Jeffrey Victor Lazarus
University of Barcelona
Janet L. Leasher
Nova Southeastern University
Paul H. Lee
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Yirga Legesse
Mekelle University
James Leigh
The University of Sydney
Cheru Tesema Leshargie
Debre Markos University
Samson Leta
Addis Ababa University
Janni Leung
University of Washington
Ricky Leung
SUNY Albany
Miriam Levi
Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases
Yongmei Li
VA Medical Center
Juan Liang
West China Hospital
Misgan Legesse Liben
Samara University
Lee-Ling Lim
University of Malaya
Stephen S. Lim
University of Washington
Margaret Lind
University of Washington
Shai Linn
University of Haifa
Stefan Listl
Heidelberg University
Patrick Y. Liu
University of Washington
Shiwei Liu
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Rakesh Lodha
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Alan D. Lopez
University of Melbourne
Scott A. Lorch
University of Pennsylvania
Stefan Lorkowski
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Paulo A. Lotufo
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Timothy C.D. Lucas
Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery
Raimundas Lunevicius
Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust
Grégoire Lurton
University of Washington
Ronan A. Lyons
Swansea University
Fadi Maalouf
American University of Beirut
Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan
Harvard University
Mark T. Mackay
University of Melbourne
Emilie R. Maddison
University of Washington
Fabiana Madotto
University of Milano-Bicocca
Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek
Mansoura University
Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek
Aswan University
Marek Majdan
Department of Public Health
Reza Majdzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Azeem Majeed
Imperial College London
Reza Malekzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Rajesh Malhotra
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Deborah Carvalho Malta
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Abdullah A. Mamun
University of Queensland
Helena Manguerra
University of Washington
Treh Manhertz
University of Washington
Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Lorenzo G. Mantovani
University of Milano-Bicocca
Tsegahun Manyazewal
Ethiopian Public Health Association
Chabila C. Mapoma
University of Zambia
Christopher Margono
University of Washington
Jose Martinez-Raga
Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset
Sheila Cristina Ouriques Martins
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo
Science and Technology of Ceará
Ira Martopullo
University of Washington
Winfried März
Synlab Academy
Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
University of Washington
Manu Raj Mathur
Public Health Foundation of India
Pallab K. Maulik
The George Institute for Global Health
Mohsen Mazidi
Chalmers, Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science
Colm McAlinden
NHS Foundation Trust
John J. McGrath
University of Queensland
Martin McKee
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Suresh Mehata
Ipas Nepal
Ravi Mehrotra
National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
Kala M. Mehta
University of California
Varshil Mehta
MGM Medical College
Toni Meier
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez
National Institute of Public Health
Kidanu Gebremariam Meles
Mekelle University
Mulugeta Melku
University of Gondar
Peter Memiah
University of West Florida
Ziad A. Memish
Saudi Ministry of Health
Walter Mendoza
United Nations Population Fund
Degu Abate Mengiste
Haramaya University
Desalegn Tadese Mengistu
Mekelle University
Bereket Gebremichael Menota
Addis Ababa University
George A. Mensah
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Atte Meretoja
University of Melbourne
Tuomo J. Meretoja
Helsinki University Central Hospital
Haftay Berhane Mezgebe
Mekelle University
Tomasz Miazgowski
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Renata Micha
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy
Robert Milam
Doctor Evidence
Anoushka Millear
University of Washington
Ted R. Miller
Curtin University
G.K. Mini
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Shawn Minnig
University of Washington
Andreea Mirica
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Awoke Misganaw
University of Washington
Philip B. Mitchell
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Fitsum Weldegebreal Mlashu
Haramaya University
Babak Moazen
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad
Salahaddin University
Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Ebrahim Mohammed
Mekelle University
Mohammed A. Mohammed
Jigjiga University
Shafiu Mohammed
Institute of Public Health
Ali H. Mokdad
University of Washington
Glen Liddell D. Mola
University of Papua New Guinea
Mariam Molokhia
King's College London
Fatemeh Momeniha
School of Public Health
Lorenzo Monasta
IRCCS Burlo Garofolo
Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez
National Institute of Public Health
Mahmood Moosazadeh
Addiction Institute
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Paula Moraga
Lancaster University
Lidia Morawska
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
Ilais Moreno Velasquez
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
Rintaro Mori
National Center for Child Health and Development
Shane D. Morrison
University of Washington
Mark Moses
University of Washington
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ulrich O. Mueller
Federal Institute for Population Research
Manoj Murhekar
Indian Council of Medical Research
Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy
Indian Institute of Public Health
Srinivas Murthy
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Jonah Musa
University of Jos
Kamarul Imran Musa
University of Science, Malaysia
Ghulam Mustafa
Helping Hands Foundation
Saravanan Muthupandian
Mekelle University
Chie Nagata
National Center for Child Health and Development
Gabriele Nagel
University of Ulm
Mohsen Naghavi
University of Washington
Aliya Naheed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Gurudatta A. Naik
University of Alabama
Nitish Naik
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Farid Najafi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Luigi Naldi
Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII
Vinay Nangia
Suraj Eye Institute
Jobert Richie Njingang Nansseu
Universite de Yaounde I
K.M. Venkat Narayan
Emory University
Bruno Ramos Nascimento
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Ionut Negoi
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Charles R. Newton
University of Oxford
Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri
University of Nairobi
Grant Nguyen
University of Washington
Long Nguyen
Karolinska Institutet
Trang Huyen Nguyen
Duy Tan University
Emma Nichols
University of Washington
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
State University of Semarang
Ellen Nolte
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
Vuong Minh Nong
Duy Tan University
Ole F. Norheim
University of Bergen
Bo Norrving
Skåne University Hospital
Jean Jacques N. Noubiap
University of Cape Town
Alypio Nyandwi
Rwanda Ministry of Health
Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer
American University of Beirut
Richard Ofori-Asenso
Monash University
Felix Akpojene Ogbo
Centre for Health Research
In-Hwan Oh
Kyung Hee University
Olanrewaju Oladimeji
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Andrew Toyin Olagunju
University of Adelaide
Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju
McMaster University
Pedro R. Olivares
Autonomous University of Chile
Patricia Pereira Vasconcelos De Oliveira
Ministry of Health of Brazil
Helen E. Olsen
University of Washington
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya
Center for Healthy Start Initiative
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Center for Healthy Start Initiative
Kanyin Ong
University of Washington
John Nelson Opio
Lira Municipal Council
Eyal Oren
Graduate School of Public Health
Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano
National Institute of Public Health
Alberto Ortiz
IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM
Raziye Ozdemir
Karabük University
Mahesh Pa
JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Amanda W. Pain
University of Washington
Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Adrian Pana
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
Medical Faculty Mannheim
Jeyaraj D. Pandian
Christian Medical College Ludhiana
Eun-Kee Park
College of Medicine
Hadi Parsian
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Tejas Patel
White Plains Hospital
Sanghamitra Pati
Public Health Foundation of India
Snehal T. Patil
Deemed University
Ajay Patle
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
George C. Patton
University of Melbourne
Vishnupriya Rao Paturi
Diabetes Research Society
Deepak Paudel
UK Department for International Development
Marcel De Moares Pedroso
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Sandra P. Pedroza
University of Washington
David M. Pereira
University of Porto
Norberto Perico
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Hannah Peterson
University of Washington
Max Petzold
University of Gothenburg
Niloofar Peykari
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Michael Robert Phillips
Emory University
Frédéric B. Piel
Imperial College London
David M. Pigott
University of Washington
Julian David Pillay
Durban University of Technology
Michael A. Piradov
Research Center of Neurology
Suzanne Polinder
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Constance D. Pond
University of Newcastle
Maarten J. Postma
University of Groningen
Farshad Pourmalek
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Swayam Prakash
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
V. Prakash
Charotar University of Science and Technology
Narayan Prasad
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Noela Marie Prasad
University of Melbourne
Caroline Purcell
University of Washington
Mostafa Qorbani
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Hedley Knewjen Quintana
Commemorative Gorgas Institute for Health Studies
Amir Radfar
A T Still University
Anwar Rafay
Contech International Health Consultants
Alireza Rafiei
School of Medicine
Kazem Rahimi
University of Oxford
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
V. Rahimi-Movaghar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mahfuzar Rahman
La Trobe University
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
BRAC
Sajjad Ur Rahman
Sweidi Hospital
Rajesh Kumar Rai
Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
Sree Bhushan Raju
Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
Usha Ram
International Institute for Population Sciences
Saleem M. Rana
Contech International Health Consultants
Zane Rankin
University of Washington
Davide Rasella
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
David Laith Rawaf
WHO Collaborating Centre
Salman Rawaf
Imperial College London
Sarah E. Ray
University of Washington
Christian Aspacia Razo-García
National Institute of Public Health
Priscilla Reddy
Human Sciences Research Council
Robert C. Reiner
University of Washington
Cesar Reis
Loma Linda University Medical Center
Marissa B. Reitsma
University of Washington
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Andre M.N. Renzaho
Western Sydney University
Serge Resnikoff
Brien Holden Vision Institute
Satar Rezaei
School of Public Health
Mohammad Sadegh Rezai
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Antonio L. Ribeiro
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Maria Jesus Rios Blancas
National Institute of Public Health
Juan A. Rivera
National Institute of Public Health
Leonardo Roever
Federal University of Uberlândia
Luca Ronfani
IRCCS Burlo Garofolo
Gholamreza Roshandel
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ali Rostami
School of Medicine
Gregory A. Roth
University of Washington
Dietrich Rothenbacher
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry
Ambuj Roy
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Nobhojit Roy
Karolinska Institutet
George Mugambage Ruhago
Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
Yogesh Damodar Sabde
National Institute for Research in Environmental Health
Perminder S. Sachdev
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Nafis Sadat
University of Washington
Mahdi Safdarian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Saeid Safiri
Department of Public Health
Rajesh Sagar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Amirhossein Sahebkar
University of Western Australia
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Haniye Sadat Sajadi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Joseph Salama
University of Washington
Payman Salamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Raphael De Freitas Saldanha
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Hamideh Salimzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Joshua A. Salomon
Harvard School of Public Health
Abdallah M. Samy
Ain Shams University
Juan Ramon Sanabria
Marshall University
Parag K. Sancheti
Sancheti Institute for Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM
Damian Santomauro
University of Washington
Itamar S. Santos
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Milena M. Santric Milicevic
University of Belgrade
Abdur Razzaque Sarker
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Nizal Sarrafzadegan
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Benn Sartorius
UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre
Maheswar Satpathy
Utkal University
Miloje Savic
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Monika Sawhney
Marshall University
Sonia Saxena
Imperial College London
Mete I. Saylan
Bayer Turkey
Elke Schaeffner
Charité University Medicine Berlin
Josef Schmidhuber
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Maria Inês Schmidt
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Ione J.C. Schneider
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Austin E. Schumacher
University of Washington
Aletta E. Schutte
South African Medical Research Council
David C. Schwebel
University of Alabama
Falk Schwendicke
Charité University Medicine Berlin
Mario Sekerija
Croatian Institute of Public Health
Sadaf G. Sepanlou
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Edson E. Servan-Mori
National Institute of Public Health
Azadeh Shafieesabet
NYU Langone Health
Masood Ali Shaikh
Marina Shakh-Nazarova
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Heidar Sharafi
Middle East Liver Disease Center
Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
The George Institute for Global Health
Meenakshi Sharma
Indian Council of Medical Research
Rajesh Sharma
Delhi Technological University
Jun She
Fudan University
Aziz Sheikh
Harvard Medical School
Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin Shfare
College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital
Peilin Shi
Tufts University
Chloe Shields
University of Washington
Mika Shigematsu
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Yukito Shinohara
Tachikawa Hospital
Rahman Shiri
University of Helsinki
Reza Shirkoohi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ivy Shiue
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Mark G. Shrime
Harvard Medical School
Sharvari Rahul Shukla
Symbiosis International University
Soraya Siabani
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
Reykjavik University
Donald H. Silberberg
University of Pennsylvania
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
João Pedro Silva
Toxicology Group
Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira
University of Brasilia
Jasvinder A. Singh
University of Alabama
Lavanya Singh
University of Washington
Narinder Pal Singh
Max Hospital
Virendra Singh
Asthma Bhawan
Dhirendra Narain Sinha
School of Preventive Oncology
Abiy Hiruye Sinke
Ethiopian Medical Association
Mekonnen Sisay
Haramaya University
Vegard Skirbekk
Columbia University
Karen Sliwa
Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa
Alison Smith
University of Washington
Adauto Martins Soares Filho
Ministry of Health of Brazil
Badr H.A. Sobaih
King Saud University
Melek Somai
Tunisian Center for Public Health
Samir Soneji
Dartmouth College
Moslem Soofi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Reed J.D. Sorensen
University of Washington
Joan B. Soriano
Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IISP)
Ireneous N. Soyiri
University of Edinburgh
Luciano A. Sposato
Western University
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
International Medical University
Vinay Srinivasan
University of Washington
Jeffrey D. Stanaway
University of Washington
Vasiliki Stathopoulou
Attikon University Hospital
Nicholas Steel
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences
Dan J. Stein
University of Cape Town
South African Medical Research Council
Mark Andrew Stokes
Deakin University
Lela Sturua
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan
Ahmadu Bello University
Rizwan Abdulkader Suliankatchi
Saudi Ministry of Health
Bruno F. Sunguya
Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
Patrick J. Sur
University of Washington
Bryan L. Sykes
University of California at Irvine (UCI)
P.N. Sylaja
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Cassandra E.I. Szoeke
University of Melbourne
Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
Universitat de Valencia
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
Griffith University
Andualem Henok Tadesse
Mizan Tepi University
Getachew Redae Taffere
Mekelle University
Nikhil Tandon
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Amare Tariku Tariku
University of Gondar
Nuno Taveira
Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz
Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Girma Temam Shifa
Addis Ababa University
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
King Saud University
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
University of Virginia
Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema
Mekelle University
Dawit Jember Tesfaye
Hawassa University
Belay Tessema
University of Gondar
J.S. Thakur
School of Public Health
Nihal Thomas
Christian Medical College
Matthew J. Thompson
University of Washington
Taavi Tillmann
University College London (UCL)
Quyen G. To
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
Ruoyan Tobe-Gai
National Center for Child Health and Development
Marcello Tonelli
University of Calgary
Roman Topor-Madry
Faculty of Health Sciences
Fotis Topouzis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Anna Torre
University of Washington
Miguel Tortajada
Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset
Bach Xuan Tran
Johns Hopkins University
Khanh Bao Tran
University of Auckland
Avnish Tripathi
University of Louisville
Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
Christopher Troeger
University of Washington
Thomas Truelsen
University of Copenhagen
Derrick Tsoi
University of Washington
Lorainne Tudor Car
Nanyang Technological University
Kald Beshir Tuem
Mekelle University
Stefanos Tyrovolas
University of Barcelona
Uche S. Uchendu
Department of Veterans Affairs
Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja
Federal Teaching Hospital
Irfan Ullah
Gomal University
Rachel Updike
University of Washington
Olalekan A. Uthman
The University of Warwick
Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu
Nsukka
Pascual Rubén Valdez
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
Job F.M. Van Boven
University of Groningen
Santosh Varughese
Christian Medical College
Tommi Vasankari
UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Raffles Hospital
Francesco S. Violante
University of Bologna
Sergey K. Vladimirov
Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Stein Emil Vollset
University of Washington
Theo Vos
University of Washington
Fasil Wagnew
Debre Markos University
Yasir Waheed
Foundation University
Mitchell T. Wallin
VA Medical Center
Judd L. Walson
University of Washington
Yafeng Wang
Fudan University
Yuan-Pang Wang
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Molla Mesele Wassie
University of Gondar
Marcia R. Weaver
University of Washington
Elisabete Weiderpass
Karolinska Institutet
Robert G. Weintraub
University of Melbourne
Jordan Weiss
University of Pennsylvania
Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs
Mekelle University
Andrea Werdecker
Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort
T. Eoin West
University of Washington
Ronny Westerman
Federal Institute for Population Research
Richard G. White
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Harvey A. Whiteford
University of Washington
Justyna Widecka
VitroLive Sp z o.o.
Andrea Sylvia Winkler
Department of Neurology
Charles Shey Wiysonge
Obafemi Awolowo University
Charles D.A. Wolfe
King's College London
Yohanes Ayele Wondimkun
Haramaya University
Abdulhalik Workicho
Jimma University
Grant M.A. Wyper
NHS National Services Scotland
Denis Xavier
St John's Medical College and Research Institute
Gelin Xu
Jinling Hospital
Lijing L. Yan
Duke Kunshan University
Yuichiro Yano
Northwestern University
Mehdi Yaseri
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Nigus Bililign Yimer
Woldia University
Peng Yin
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Paul Yip
The University of Hong Kong
Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw
Addis Ababa University
Naohiro Yonemoto
Kyoto University
Gerald Yonga
Aga Khan University
Seok-Jun Yoon
Korea University
Marcel Yotebieng
Ohio State University
Mustafa Z. Younis
Jackson State University
Chuanhua Yu
Wuhan University
Vesna Zadnik
Epidemiology and Cancer Registry
Zoubida Zaidi
University Hospital of Setif
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Mansoura University
Sojib Bin Zaman
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Mohammad Zamani
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe
Mekelle University
Maigeng Zhou
University of Washington
Jun Zhu
National Office of MCH Surveillance of China
Stephanie R.M. Zimsen
University of Washington
Ben Zipkin
University of Washington
Sanjay Zodpey
Public Health Foundation of India
Liesl Joanna Zuhlke
Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital
Christopher J. L. Murray
University of Washington
Rafael Lozano
University of Washington
The Lancet
0140-6736 (ISSN) 1474-547X (eISSN)
Vol. 391 10136 2236-2271Subject Categories
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30994-2