Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Journal article, 2018
Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Author
Christopher J. L. Murray
University of Washington
Charlton S. K. H. Callender
University of Washington
Xie Rachel Kulikoff
University of Washington
Vinay Srinivasan
University of Washington
Degu Abate
Haramaya University
Kalkidan Hassen Abate
Jimma University
Solomon M. Abay
Novartis International AG
Nooshin Abbasi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hedayat Abbastabar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Jemal Abdela
School of Pharmacy
Ahmed Abdelalim
Cairo University
Omar Abdel-Rahman
University of Calgary
Alireza Abdi
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery
Nasrin Abdoli
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Ibrahim Abdollahpour
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Haftom Temesgen Abebe
College of Health Sciences
Molla Abebe
Armauer Hansen Research Institute
Zegeye Abebe
Human Nutrition Department
Teshome Abuka Abebo
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Ayenew Negesse Abejie
Debre Markos University
Victor Aboyans
Hopital Dupuytren
Haftom Niguse Abraha
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Daisy M.X. Abreu
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Aklilu Roba Abrham
Haramaya University
Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar
Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh
Birzeit University
Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi
Bénin Clinical Research Institute
Pawan Acharya
Nepal Development Society
Abdu A Adamu
Stellenbosch University
Oladimeji M. Adebayo
University College Hospital
Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji
Olabisi Onabanjo University
Victor Adekanmbi
Cardiff University
Olatunji Adetokunboh
Stellenbosch University
Beyene Meressa Adhena
School of Public Health
Tara Ballav Adhikari
Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal
Mina G. Adib
Saint Mark Hospital
Arsène Kouablan Adou
Ivorian Association for Family Welfare
Jose C. Adsuar
University of Extremadura
Mohsen Afarideh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ashkan Afshin
University of Washington
Gina Agarwal
McMaster University
Kareha M. Agesa
University of Washington
Sargis Aghasi Aghayan
Yerevan State University
Sutapa Agrawal
Public Health Foundation of India
Alireza Ahmadi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Ahmadi
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Jimma University
Sayem Ahmed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Amani Nidhal Aichour
University Ferhat Abbas of Setif
Ibtihel Aichour
University Ferhat Abbas of Setif
Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour
High National School of Veterinary Medicine
Ali S. Akanda
University of Rhode Island
Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari
Cancer Research Center
Mohammed Akibu
Debre Berhan University
Rufus Olusola Akinyemi
University of Ibadan
Tomi F. Akinyemiju
University of Kentucky
Nadia Akseer
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Fares Alahdab
Mayo Clinic
Ziyad Al-Aly
Washington University in St. Louis
Khurshid Alam
University of Western Australia
Animut Alebel
Debre Markos University
Alicia V. Aleman
University of the Republic
Kefyalew Addis Alene
Institute of Public Health
Ayman Al-Eyadhy
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Raghib Ali
New York University Abu Dhabi
Mehran Alijanzadeh
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center
Syed M. Aljunid
University of Kuwait
Ala'a Alkerwi
Luxembourg Institute of Health
François Alla
University of Bordeaux
Peter Allebeck
Karolinska Institutet
Ali Almasi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Jordi Alonso
Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute
Rajaa Al-Raddadi
King Abdulaziz University
Ubai Alsharif
Charité University Medicine Berlin
Khalid Altirkawi
King Saud University
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
University of Cartagena
Azmeraw T. Amare
Australia Bahir Dar University
Walid Ammar
Federal Ministry of Health
Nahla Anber
Faculty of Medicine
Catalina Liliana Andrei
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Sofia Androudi
University of Thessaly
Megbaru Debalkie Animut
Arba Minch University
Hossein Ansari
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
Mustafa Geleto Ansha
Debre Berhan University
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
University of the Philippines Manila
Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Olatunde Aremu
Birmingham City University
Habtamu Abera Areri
Hawassa University
Nicholas Arian
University of Washington
Johan Ärnlöv
Karolinska Institutet
Al Artaman
University of Manitoba
Krishna Kumar Aryal
Abt Associates Nepal
Hamid Asayesh
School of Paramedical
Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw
Institute of Biomedical Science
Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
School of Pharmacy
Reza Assadi
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey
School of Pharmacy
Suleman Atique
University of Lahore
Madhu S. Atteraya
Keimyung University
Marcel Ausloos
University Of Leicester
Euripide Frinel G. Arthur Avokpaho
Bénin Clinical Research Institute
Ashish Awasthi
Indian Institute of Public Health
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
La Trobe University
Yohanes Ayele
School of Pharmacy
Rakesh Ayer
University of Tokyo
Tambe Betrand Ayuk
Institute of Medical Research and Plant Medicinal Studies-Cameroon
Peter S. Azzopardi
Australia Bahir Dar University
Tesleem Kayode Babalola
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Arefeh Babazadeh
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
Hamid Badali
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Alaa Badawi
University of Toronto
Ayele Geleto Bali
School of Public Health
Maciej Banach
Medical University of Lodz
Suzanne L. Barker-Collo
University of Auckland
Till Bärnighausen
Heidelberg University
Lope H. Barrero
School of Engineering
Huda Basaleem
University of Aden
Quique Bassat
University of Barcelona
Arindam Basu
University of Canterbury
Bernhard T. Baune
Melbourne Medical School
Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes
University of Gondar
Ettore Beghi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Masoud Behzadifar
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Meysam Behzadifar
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Bayu Begashaw Bekele
Institute of Public Health
Abate Bekele Belachew
School of Public Health
Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Ezra Belay
Mekelle University
Saba Abraham Belay
Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College
Yihalem Abebe Belay
Debre Markos University
Michelle L. Bell
Yale University
Aminu K. Bello
University of Alberta
Derrick A. Bennett
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Isabela M. Bensenor
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Gilles Bergeron
New York Academy of Sciences
Adugnaw Berhane
School of Public Health
Adam E. Berman
Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
Eduardo Bernabe
King's College London
Robert S. Bernstein
Emory University
Gregory J. Bertolacci
University of Washington
Mircea Beuran
Emergency Hospital of Bucharest
Suraj Bhattarai
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Soumyadeep Bhaumik
The George Institute for Global Health
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
Belete Biadgo
University of Gondar
Ali Bijani
Social Determinants of Health Research Centers
Boris Bikbov
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Nigus Bililign
Woldia University
Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
Australian National University
Sait Mentes Birlik
University of Bologna
Charles Birungi
University College London (UCL)
Tuhin Biswas
A T Still University
Hailemichael Bizuneh
St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College
Archie Bleyer
University of Texas Medical School
Berrak Bora Basara
General Directorate of Health Information Systems
Cristina Bosetti
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Soufiane Boufous
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Oliver Jerome Brady
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
University of Genoa
Michael Brainin
Danube University Krems
Alexandra Brazinova
Comenius University in Bratislava
Nicholas J.K. Breitborde
Ohio State University
Hermann Brenner
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
Jerry D. Brewer
Mayo Clinic
Paul Svitil Briant
University of Washington
Gabrielle Britton
Neuroscience Department
Roy Burstein
University of Washington
Reinhard Busse
Institute of Public Health
Zahid A. Butt
School of Population and Public Health
Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado
Center for Health Systems Research
Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato
National Institute of Public Health
Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon
National Institute of Public Health
Jorge Cano
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Mate Car
Ministry of Health
Rosario Cárdenas
Metropolitan Autonomous University
Juan Jesus Carrero
Karolinska Institutet
Felix Carvalho
University of Porto
Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Jacqueline Castillo Rivas
Dirección Actuarial
Franz Castro
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
Ferrán Catalá-López
Institute of Health Carlos III
Alanur Çavlin
Hacettepe University
Ester Cerin
School of Public Health
Julian Chalek
University of Washington
Hsing-Yi Chang
National Health Research Institutes
Jung-Chen Chang
College of Medicine
Aparajita Chattopadhyay
International Institute for Population Sciences
Pankaj Chaturvedi
Tata Memorial Hospital
Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang
Gold Coast Health
Ken Lee Chin
Monash University
Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa
University of Zambia
Abdulaal Chitheer
Ministry of Health
Jee-Young J. Choi
Biochemistry
Rajiv Chowdhury
University of Cambridge
Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher
Christian Medical College
Flavia M Cicuttini
Monash University
Liliana G. Ciobanu
University of Adelaide
Massimo Cirillo
University of Salerno
Rafael M. Claro
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Daniel Collado-Mateo
University of Extremadura
Maria-Magdalena Constantin
2nd Department of Dermatology
Sara Conti
University of Milano-Bicocca
Cyrus Cooper
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Leslie Trumbull Cooper
Mayo Clinic
Leslie Cornaby
University of Washington
Paolo Angelo Cortesi
University of Milano-Bicocca
Monica Cortinovis
Arizona State University
Megan Costa
Arizona State University
Elizabeth A. Cromwell
University of Washington
Christopher Stephen Crowe
University of Washington
Petra Cukelj
Croatian Institute of Public Health
Matthew Cunningham
University of Washington
Alemneh Kabeta Daba
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Berihun Assefa Dachew
School of Public Health
Lalit Dandona
University of Washington
Rakhi Dandona
University of Washington
Paul I Dargan
King's College London
Ahmad Daryani
Toxoplasmosis Research Center
Rajat Das Gupta
James P Grant School of Public Health
José Das Neves
I3S- Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude
Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa
Hawassa University
Aditya Prasad Dash
Central University Tamil Nadu
Nicole Davis Weaver
University of Washington
Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
Kazakh National Medical University
Kairat Davletov
Kazakh National Medical University
Diego De Leo
Griffith University
Jan-Walter De Neve
Heidelberg University
Meaza Girma Degefa
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Louisa Degenhardt
University of Washington
Tizta Tilahun Degfie
African Population Health Research Centre
Selina Deiparine
University of Washington
Gebre Demoz
Addis Ababa University
Balem Demtsu
Mekelle University
Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Kebede Deribe
School of Public Health
Nikolaos Dervenis
Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust
Don C. Des Jarlais
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Getenet Ayalew Dessie
University of Peradeniya
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
University of Washington
Meghnath Dhimal
Nepal Health Research Council
Daniel Dicker
University of Washington
Eric L Ding
Harvard University
Girmaye Deye Dinsa
Harvard University
Shirin Djalalinia
University of Washington
Huyen Phuc Do
Nguyen Tat Thanh University
Klara Dokova
Medical University of Varna
David Teye Doku
University of Cape Coast Ghana
Kate Dolan
University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Kerrie E Doyle
RMIT University
Tim R. Driscoll
The University of Sydney
Manisha Dubey
United Nations World Food Programme
Eleonora Dubljanin
University of Belgrade
Eyasu Ejeta Duken
Jimma University
Andre R Duraes
Federal University of Bahia
Soheil Ebrahimpour
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
David Edvardsson
La Trobe University
Charbel El Bcheraoui
University of Washington
Ziad El-Khatib
Karolinska Institutet
Iqbal Rf Elyazar
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology
Ahmadali Enayati
School of Public Health
Aman Yesuf Endries
St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College
Sergey Petrovich Ermakov
Russian Academy of Sciences
Babak Eshrati
Center of Communicable Disease Control
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Reza Esmaeili
Gonabad University of Medical Sciences
Alireza Esteghamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sadaf Esteghamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Kara Estep
University of Washington
Hamed Fakhim
Urmia University of Medical Science
Tamer Farag
University of Washington
Mahbobeh Faramarzi
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Fareed
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Carla Sofia Esá Farinha
National Statistical Office
André Faro
Federal University of Sergipe
Maryam S Farvid
Harvard University
Farshad Farzadfar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Kairsten A Fay
University of Washington
Mir Sohail Fazeli
Doctor Evidence
Valery L. Feigin
University of Washington
Andrea B. Feigl
Harvard University
Fariba Feizy
Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center
Ama P. Fenny
University of Ghana
Netsanet Fentahun
Bahar Dar University
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Montreal Neurological Institute
Eduarda Fernandes
University of Porto
Garumma Tolu Feyissa
Jimma University
Irina Filip
Kaiser Permanente
Samuel Finegold
University of Washington
Florian Fischer
Bielefeld University
Luisa Sorio Flor
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Nataliya Foigt
Academy of Medical Science
Kyle J. Foreman
University of Washington
Carla Fornari
University of Milano-Bicocca
Thomas Fürst
Epidemiology and Public Health
Takeshi Fukumoto
Cancer Institute (W.I.A.)
John E. Fuller
University of Washington
Nancy Fullman
University of Washington
Emmanuela Gakidou
University of Washington
Silvano Gallus
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Amiran Gamkrelidze
National Centre for Disease Control
Morsaleh Ganji
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe
Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health
Gregory M. Garcia
University of Washington
Miguel A. Garcia-Gordillo
Autonomous University of Chile
Abadi Kahsu Gebre
School of Pharmacy
Teshome Gebre
Task Force for Global Health
Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs
School of Public Health
Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot
Jimma University
Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin
Jimma University
Tilayie Feto Gelano
Haramaya University
Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
Institute of Public Health
Johanna M. Geleijnse
Wageningen University and Research
Ricard Genova-Maleras
Regional Health Council
Peter W. Gething
Big Data Institute
Kebede Embaye Gezae
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami
Sleep Disorders Research Center
Reza Ghadimi
Health Research Institute
Keyghobad Ghadiri
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani
Iran University of Science and Technology
Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
Health Research Institute
Hesam Ghiasvand
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Mamata Ghimire
University of Tsukuba
Aloke Gopal Ghoshal
National Allergy Asthma Bronchitis Institute
Paramjit Singh Gill
The University of Warwick
Tiffany K Gill
University of Adelaide
Giorgia Giussani
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Elena V Gnedovskaya
Research Center of Neurology
Srinivas Goli
International Institute for Population Sciences
Ricardo Santiago Gomez
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Hector Gómez-Dantés
Center for Health Systems Research
Philimon N. Gona
University of Massachusetts Boston
Amador Goodridge
Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit
Sameer Vali Gopalani
University of Oklahoma
Alessandra Carvalho Goulart
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Ayman Grada
Boston University
Giuseppe Grosso
University of Catania
Harish Chander Gugnani
Saint James School of Medicine
Jingwen Guo
University of Washington
Yuming Guo
Monash University
Prakash C. Gupta
Harvard School of Public Health
Rahul Gupta
West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
Rajeev Gupta
Rajasthan University of Health Sciences
Tanush Gupta
Montefiore Medical Center
Juanita A. Haagsma
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Vladimir Hachinski
Western University
Nima Hafezi-Nejad
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Tekleberhan B Hagos
Anatomy Unit
Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis
Haramaya University
Gessessew Bugssa Hailu
Biomedical Sciences Division
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Arya Haj-Mirzaian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Randah Ribhi Hamadeh
Arabian Gulf University
Samer Hamidi
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Alexis J Handal
University of New Mexico
Graeme J. Hankey
University of Western Australia
Yuantao Hao
Sun Yat-Sen University
Hilda L. Harb
Ministry of Public Health
Hamidreza Haririan
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Josep Maria Haro
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park
Mehedi Hasan
James P Grant School of Public Health
Hadi Hassankhani
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Hamid Yimam Hassen
University of Hail
Rasmus Havmoeller
Karolinska University Hospital
Simon I. Hay
University of Washington
Yihua He
University of Washington
Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Mohamed I. Hegazy
Cairo University
Behzad Heibati
Air Pollution Research Center
Behnam Heidari
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Delia Hendrie
Curtin University
Andualem Henok
Mizan Tepi University
Nathaniel J. Henry
University of Washington
Claudiu Herteliu
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Fatemeh Heydarpour
Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences
Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu
Hawassa University
Michael K Hole
The University of Texas at Austin
Enayatollah Homaie Rad
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Praveen Hoogar
Manipal University
H. Dean Hosgood
American University of Beirut
Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Meimanat M. Hosseini Chavoshi
University of Western Australia
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Tehran
Mihaela Hostiuc
Emergency Hospital of Bucharest
Sorin Hostiuc
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Victor Babes din Timisoara
Mohamed Hsairi
Medicine School of Tunis
Thomas Hsiao
University of Washington
Guoqing Hu
Central South University
John J. Huang
Yale University
Kim Moesgaard Iburg
Aarhus University
Ehimario Uche Igumbor
University of the Western Cape
Chad Ikeda
University of Washington
Olayinka S. Ilesanmi
University of Liberia
Usman Iqbal
Taipei Medical University
Asnake Ararsa Irenso
School of Public Health
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa
Boston University
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
The University of Sydney
Leila Jahangiry
Health Education and Health Promotion Department
Nader Jahanmehr
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center
Sudhir Kumar Jain
National Centre For Disease Control Delhi
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
University of Kragujevac
Moti Tolera Jalu
Haramaya University
Spencer L. James
University of Washington
Simerjot K Jassal
Department of Internal Medicine
Mehdi Javanbakht
Newcastle University
Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
University of Colombo
Panniyammakal Jeemon
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
Ravi Prakash Jha
Banaras Hindu University
Vivekanand Jha
University of Oxford
John S Ji
Duke Kunshan University
Jost B. Jonas
Heidelberg University
Jacek Józwiak
Częstochowa University of Technology
Suresh Banayya Jungari
Savitribai Phule Pune University
Mikk Jürisson
University of Tartu
Zubair Kabir
University College Cork
Rajendra Kadel
London School of Economics and Political Science
Amaha Kahsay
Mekelle University
Rizwan Kalani
University of Washington
Umesh Kapil
A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital
Manoochehr Karami
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Behzad Karami Matin
Faculty of Public Health
André Karch
Helmholtz
Corine Kakizi Karema
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)
Seyed M. Karimi
University of Washington
Amir Kasaeian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Dessalegn Haile Kassa
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Getachew Mullu Kassa
College of Health Sciences
Tesfaye Dessale Kassa
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Zemenu Yohannes Kassa
Hawassa University
Nicholas J Kassebaum
University of Washington
Anshul Kastor
International Institute for Population Sciences
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
University of Glasgow
Anil Kaul
Oklahoma State University
Norito Kawakami
University of Tokyo
Ali Kazemi Karyani
Faculty of Public Health
Seifu Kebede
Salale University
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
University of Nairobi
Grant Rodgers Kemp
University of Washington
Andre Pascal Kengne
South African Medical Research Council
Andre Keren
Assuta Hospital
Maia Kereselidze
National Centre for Disease Control
Yousef Saleh Khader
Public Health and Family Medicine
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Alireza Khajavi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Nauman Khalid
University of Management and Technology
Ibrahim A. Khalil
University of Washington
Ejaz Ahmad Khan
Health Services Academy
Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
John H Stroger
Young-Ho Khang
Seoul National University
Tripti Khanna
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Mona M. Khater
Cairo University
Alireza Khatony
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Zahra Khazaeipour
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Habibolah Khazaie
Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Ardeshir Khosravi
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Mohammad Hossein Khosravi
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Getiye Dejenu Kibret
College of Health Sciences
Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam
University of Washington
Daniel Ngari Kiirithio
Kenya Revenue Authority
Paul Evan Kilgore
Wayne State University
Daniel Kim
Northeastern University
Jun Y. Kim
University of Washington
Young-Eun Kim
Korea University
Yun Jin Kim
Xiamen University Malaysia
Ruth W. Kimokoti
Simmons College
Yohannes Kinfu
University of Canberra
Sanjay Kinra
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Adnan Kisa
University of Oslo
Mika Kivimäki
University College London (UCL)
University of Helsinki
Sonali Kochhar
University of Washington
Yoshihiro Kokubo
National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
Tufa Kolola
Debre Berhan University
Jacek A. Kopec
University of British Columbia (UBC)
Margaret N. Kosek
Johns Hopkins University
Soewarta Kosen
Parvaiz A. Koul
Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Ai Koyanagi
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park
Kewal Krishan
Panjab University
Sanjay Krishnaswami
Oregon Health and Science University
Kristopher J. Krohn
University of Washington
Barthelemy Kuate Defo
Université de Montréal
Burcu Kucuk Bicer
Hacettepe University
G. Anil Kumar
Public Health Foundation of India
Manasi Kumar
University College London (UCL)
Pushpendra Kumar
International Institute for Population Sciences
Fekede Asefa Kumsa
School of Public Health
Michael Kutz
University of Washington
Sheetal D Lad
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Alessandra Lafranconi
University of Milano-Bicocca
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Public Health Foundation of India
Ratilal Lalloo
University of Costa Rica
Hilton Lam
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Faris Hasan Lami
Academy of Medical Science
Justin J. Lang
Public Health Agency of Canada
Sonia Lansky
Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte
Van C. Lansingh
Inc.
Dennis Odai Laryea
Ghana Health Service
Zohra S. Lassi
University of Adelaide
Arman Latifi
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Avula Laxmaiah
Indian Council of Medical Research
Jeffrey Victor Lazarus
University of Barcelona
James B. Lee
University of Washington
Paul H Lee
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
James Leigh
Asbestos Diseases Research Institute
Cheru Tesema Leshargie
Debre Markos University
Samson Leta
Addis Ababa University
Miriam Levi
Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre
Shanshan Li
Monash University
Xiaohong Li
West China Hospital
Yichong Li
Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital
Juan Liang
National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance
Xiaofeng Liang
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Misgan Legesse Liben
Samara University
Lee-Ling Lim
University of Malaya
Miteku Andualem Limenih
Institute of Public Health
Shai Linn
University of Haifa
Shiwei Liu
Centre for Chronic Disease Control
Stefan Lorkowski
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Paulo A. Lotufo
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Rafael Lozano
University of Washington
Raimundas Lunevicius
NHS Foundation Trust
Crispin Mabika Mabika
University of Kinshasa
Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan
University of the Philippines Manila
Mark T. Mackay
School of Health Sciences
Fabiana Madotto
University of Milano-Bicocca
Tarek Abd Elaziz Mahmood
Ministry of Health and Population
Narayan Bahadur Mahotra
Tribhuvan University
Marek Majdan
Department of Public Health
Reza Majdzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Azeem Majeed
Imperial College London
Reza Malekzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Manzoor Ahmad Malik
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
International Institute for Population Sciences
Abdullah A. Mamun
Institute for Social Science Research
Wondimu Ayele Manamo
School of Public Health
Ana-Laura Manda
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Srikanth Mangalam
Public Risk Management Institute
Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Lorenzo G. Mantovani
University of Milano-Bicocca
Chabila C. Mapoma
University of Zambia
Dadi Marami
Haramaya University
Joemer C Maravilla
School of Public Health
Wagner Marcenes
King's College London
Shakhnazarova Marina
Medical Statistics
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo
Science and Technology of Ceará
Winfried März
Heidelberg University
Melvin B Marzan
Graduate School
Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Felix Masiye
University of Washington
Amanda J. Mason-Jones
University of York
Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
University of Washington
Manu Raj Mathur
Public Health Foundation of India
Pallab K Maulik
The George Institute for Global Health
Mohsen Mazidi
Chalmers, Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science
John J. McGrath
University of Queensland
Suresh Mehata
Ipas Nepal
Sanjay Madhav Mehendale
Indian Council of Medical Research
Man Mohan Mehndiratta
Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society
Ravi Mehrotra
National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
Saeed Mehrzadi
Pharmacology Department
Kala M. Mehta
University of California
Varshil Mehta
Sevenhills Hospital
Tefera C. Chane Mekonnen
Wollo University
Hagazi Gebre Meles
Mekelle University
Kidanu Gebremariam Meles
Mekelle University
Addisu Melese
Debre Tabor University
Mulugeta Melku
Institute of Public Health
Peter Memiah
University of West Florida
Ziad A. Memish
Saudi Ministry of Health
Walter Mendoza
United Nations Population Fund
Melkamu Merid Mengesha
Haramaya University
Desalegn Tadese Mengistu
School of Medicine
Getnet Mengistu
School of Pharmacy
George A. Mensah
University of Cape Town
Seid Tiku Mereta
Jimma University
Atte Meretoja
School of Health Sciences
Tuomo J. Meretoja
University of Helsinki
Tomislav Mestrovic
Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic
Haftay Berhane Mezgebe
Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science
Yode Miangotar
University of N'Djaména
Bartosz Miazgowski
Saint Mark Hospital
Tomasz Miazgowski
Medical University of Lodz
Ted R. Miller
Curtin University
Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie
University of Washington
G.K. Mini
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
Parvaneh Mirabi
Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center
Andreea Mirica
National Institute of Statistics
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov
Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
Awoke Misganaw
University of Washington
Babak Moazen
Heidelberg University
Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad
Salahaddin University
Moslem Mohammadi
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Noushin Mohammadifard
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammed A. Mohammed
Jigjiga University
Shafiu Mohammed
Heidelberg University
Ali H. Mokdad
University of Washington
Glen Liddell D. Mola
University of Papua New Guinea
Mariam Molokhia
King's College London
Lorenzo Monasta
IRCCS Burlo Garofolo
Julio Cesar Montañez
National Health Research Institutes
Ghobad Moradi
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Mahmoudreza Moradi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Mehdi Moradinazar
School of Public Health
Paula Moraga
Lancaster University
Joana Morgado-Da-costa
Hospital Center of Porto
Rintaro Mori
National Center for Child Health and Development
Shane D. Morrison
University of Washington
Abbas Mosapour
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Marilita M Moschos
University of Athens
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Achenef Asmamaw Muche
Institute of Public Health
Kindie Fentahun Muchie
Institute of Public Health
Ulrich O. Mueller
Federal Institute for Population Research
Satinath Mukhopadhyay
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Tasha B. Murphy
University of Washington
Kate Muller
University of Washington
Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy
Indian Institute of Public Health - Hyderabad
Jonah Musa
University of Jos
Kamarul Imran Musa
University of Science, Malaysia
Ghulam Mustafa
Nishtar Medical University
Saravanan Muthupandian
Mekelle University
Jean B. Nachega
Johns Hopkins University
Gabriele Nagel
University of Ulm
Mohsen Naghavi
University of Washington
Aliya Naheed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Azin Nahvijou
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Gurudatta A. Naik
University of Alabama
Paulami Naik
University of Washington
Farid Najafi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Luigi Naldi
San Bortolo Hospital
Vinay Nangia
Suraj Eye Institute
Jobert Richie Njingang Nansseu
Ministry of Public Health
Bruno Ramos Nascimento
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Haseeb Nawaz
Mercy Saint Vincent Medical Center
Busisiwe P. Ncama
University of Lagos
Nahid Neamati
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Ionut Negoi
Anatomy and Embryology Department
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Cardio-Aid
Subas Neupane
University of Tampere
Charles R. Newton
University of Oxford
Wellcome Trust Research Programme
Frida N. Ngalesoni
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri
University of Embu
Grant Nguyen
University of Washington
Long Nguyen
Nguyen Tat Thanh University
Trang Huyen Nguyen
Nguyen Tat Thanh University
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
Taipei Medical University
Yirga Legesse Nirayo
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Muhammad Imran Nisar
Aga Khan University
Molly R. Nixon
University of Washington
Shuhei Nomura
University of Tokyo
Mehdi Noroozi
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Jean Jacques N. Noubiap
University of Cape Town
Hamid Reza Nouri
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center
Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Reza Nowroozi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Alypio Nyandwi
Rwanda Ministry of Health
Peter S Nyasulu
Stellenbosch University
Christopher M Odell
University of Washington
Richard Ofori-Asenso
Monash University
Okechukwu Samuel Ogah
University College Hospital
Felix Akpojene Ogbo
Western Sydney University
In-Hwan Oh
Kyung Hee University
Anselm Okoro
Measurement
Olanrewaju Oladimeji
Human Sciences Research Council
Andrew Toyin Olagunju
University of Lagos
Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju
McMaster University
Pedro R. Olivares
Autonomous University of Chile
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya
Center for Healthy Start Initiative
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Center for Healthy Start Initiative
Sok King Ong
Ministry of Health
Alberto Ortiz
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)
Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman
University of Washington
Erika Ota
St Luke's International University
Brenda Achieng Otieno
Monitoring and Evaluation
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Moscow State University
Mayowa Ojo Owolabi
University of Ibadan
Abayomi Samuel Oyekale
North-West University
P. Mahesh
JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Smita Pakhale
University of Ottawa
Abhijit P Pakhare
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Adrian Pana
Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation
Basant Kumar Panda
International Institute for Population Sciences
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
Heidelberg University
Achyut Raj Pandey
Nepal Health Research Council
Eun-Kee Park
College of Medicine
Hadi Parsian
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Shanti Patel
Maimonides Medical Center
Snehal T. Patil
Deemed University
Ajay Patle
International Institute of Health Management Research
International Institute for Population Sciences
George C. Patton
School of Health Sciences
Vishnupriya Rao Paturi
Diabetes Research Society
Deepak Paudel
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)
Marcel Moraes Pedroso
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Emmanuel K. Peprah
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
David M. Pereira
University of Porto
Norberto Perico
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Konrad Pesudovs
Glenelg
William A. Petri
University of Virginia
Max Petzold
University of Gothenburg
Maxwell Pierce
University of Washington
David M. Pigott
University of Washington
Julian David Pillay
Durban University of Technology
Meghdad Pirsaheb
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Guilherme V. Polanczyk
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Maarten J. Postma
University of Groningen
Farshad Pourmalek
School of Population and Public Health
Akram Pourshams
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hossein Poustchi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Swayam Prakash
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Narayan Prasad
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Caroline Purcell
University of Washington
Manorama B Purwar
Government Medical College
Mostafa Qorbani
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Reginald Quansah
University of Ghana
Amir Radfar
A T Still University
Anwar Rafay
Contech School of Public Health
Alireza Rafiei
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Fakher Rahim
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mahfuzar Rahman
La Trobe University
Md Shafiur Rahman
University of Tokyo
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
BRAC University
Sajjad Ur Rahman
North-West University
Rajesh Kumar Rai
Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
Fatemeh Rajati
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Sasa Rajsic
Medical University of Innsbruck
Usha Ram
International Institute for Population Sciences
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Yonsei University
Prabhat Ranjan
University of Alabama
David Laith Rawaf
Imperial College London
Salman Rawaf
Imperial College London
Sarah E. Ray
University of Washington
Christian Aspacia Razo-García
Center for Population Health Research
Robert C. Reiner
University of Washington
Cesar Reis
Loma Linda University Medical Center
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
Andre M.N. Renzaho
School of Social Sciences and Psychology
Serge Resnikoff
Brien Holden Vision Institute
Satar Rezaei
School of Public Health
Shahab Rezaeian
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Sadegh Rezai
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Seyed Mohammad Riahi
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Maria Jesus Rios Blancas
Center for Health Systems Research
Kedir Teji Roba
Hawassa University
Nicholas L. S. Roberts
University of Washington
Leonardo Roever
Federal University of Uberlândia
Luca Ronfani
IRCCS Burlo Garofolo
Gholamreza Roshandel
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ali Rostami
Center for Infectious Diseases Research
Enrico Rubagotti
IKIAM Amazon Regional University
George Mugambage Ruhago
School of Public Health
Yogesh Damodar Sabde
National Institute for Research in Environmental Health
Perminder S. Sachdev
School of Psychiatry
Basema Saddik
University of Sharjah
Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Hosein Safari
Ahvaz, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Yahya Safari
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Roya Safari-Faramani
Faculty of Public Health
Mahdi Safdarian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sare Safi
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center
Saeid Safiri
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
Rajesh Sagar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Haniye Sadat Sajadi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohamadreza Salahshoor
A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital
Nasir Salam
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Joseph Salama
University of Washington
Payman Salamati
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Raphael De Freitas Saldanha
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca
Zikria Saleem
Punjab University College of Pharmacy
Yahya Salimi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Hamideh Salimzadeh
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Joshua A. Salomon
Stanford University
Sundeep Santosh Salvi
Chest Research Foundation
Inbal Salz
Ministry of Health
Evanson Zondani Sambala
South African Medical Research Council
Abdallah M. Samy
Ain Shams University
Juan Ramon Sanabria
Marshall University
Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research
Itamar S. Santos
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Milena M. Santric Milicevic
University of Belgrade
Bruno Piassi Sao Jose
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Mayank Sardana
University of Massachusetts
Abdur Razzaque Sarker
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez
Faculty of Medicine
Satish Saroshe
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College
Nizal Sarrafzadegan
School of Population and Public Health
Benn Sartorius
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Shahabeddin Sarvi
Toxoplasmosis Research Center
Brijesh Sathian
Hamad Medical Corporation
Maheswar Satpathy
Utkal University
Arundhati R. Sawant
University of Alabama
Monika Sawhney
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Bo Norrving
Imperial College London
Elke Schaeffner
Institute of Public Health
Kathryn Schelonka
University of Washington
Ione J. C. Schneider
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
David C. Schwebel
University of Alabama
Falk Schwendicke
Charité University Medicine Berlin
Soraya Seedat
Stellenbosch University
Mario Sekerija
Croatian Institute of Public Health
Sadaf G. Sepanlou
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Edson E. Servan-Mori
Center for Health Systems Research
Hosein Shabaninejad
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Katya Anne Shackelford
University of Washington
Azadeh Shafieesabet
NYU Langone Health
Amira A. Shaheen
An-Najah National University
Masood Ali Shaikh
Raad A. Shakir
Imperial College London
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mohammadbagher Shamsi
Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Morteza Shamsizadeh
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences
Heidar Sharafi
Middle East Liver Disease Center
Kiomars Sharafi
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Mehdi Sharif
Islamic Azad University
Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Jayendra Sharma
Ministry of Health
Rajesh Sharma
Delhi Technological University
Jun She
Fudan University
Aziz Sheikh
Harvard University
Peilin Shi
Tufts University
Kenji Shibuya
University of Tokyo
Mika Shigematsu
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
Rahman Shiri
Työterveyslaitos
Reza Shirkoohi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ivy Shiue
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Farhad Shokraneh
University of Nottingham
Sharvari Rahul Shukla
Symbiosis International University
Si Si
Monash University
Soraya Siabani
Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center
Abla Mehio Sibai
American University of Beirut
Tariq J Siddiqi
Dow University of Health Sciences
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
Reykjavik University
Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir
Reykjavik University
Naris Silpakit
University of Washington
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Joao Pedro Silva
University of Porto
Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira
University of Brasilia
Narayana Sarma Venkata Singam
University of Louisville
Jasvinder A. Singh
University of Alabama
Narinder Pal Singh
Max Hospital
Virendra Singh
Asthma Bhawan
Dhirendra Narain Sinha
School of Preventive Oncology
Karen Sliwa
University of Cape Town
Adauto Martins Soares Filho
Ministry of Health of Brazil
Badr H.A. Sobaih
King Khalid University Hospital
Soheila Sobhani
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Moslem Soofi
School of Public Health
Joan B. Soriano
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)
Ireneous N. Soyiri
University of Edinburgh
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
International Medical University
Vladimir I Starodubov
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Caitlyn Steiner
University of Washington
Leo G. Stewart
University of Washington
Mark Andrew Stokes
Deakin University
Mark Strong
University of Sheffield
Michelle L Subart
University of Washington
Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan
Ahmadu Bello University
Gerhard Sulo
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Bruno F. Sunguya
Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
Patrick J. Sur
University of Washington
Ipsita Sutradhar
James P Grant School of Public Health
Bryan L. Sykes
University of California at Irvine (UCI)
P.N. Sylaja
Neurology Department
Dillon O. Sylte
University of Washington
Cassandra E I Szoeke
Australian Catholic University
Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
Universitat de Valencia
Karen M. Tabb
University of Illinois
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
Griffith University
Nikhil Tandon
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Aberash Abay Tassew
Institute of Public Health
Segen Gebremeskel Tassew
Mekelle University
Nuno Taveira
University Institute Egas Moniz
Nega Yimer Tawye
Wollo University
Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Tigist Gashaw Tekalign
Haramaya University
Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle
School of Public Health
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
King Saud University
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
University of Virginia
Manaye Yihune Teshale
Arba Minch University
Belay Tessema
University of Gondar
Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin
Aksum University
J.S. Thakur
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
Nanyang Technological University
Nihal Thomas
Christian Medical College
Alan J. Thomson
Adaptive Knowledge Management
Binyam Tilahun
Institute of Public Health
Quyen G. To
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
Marcello Tonelli
University of Calgary
Roman Topor-Madry
Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System
Anna Torre
University of Washington
Miguel Tortajada-Girbés
Universitat de Valencia
Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Hideaki Toyoshima
Nagoya University
Bach Xuan Tran
Hanoi Medical University
Khanh Bao Tran
University of Auckland
Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
Thomas Truelsen
University of Copenhagen
Nu Thi Truong
Duy Tan University
Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik
School of Pharmacy
Amanuel Tsegay
College of Health Sciences
Nikolaos Tsilimparis
Universitatsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf und Medizinische Fakultat
Lorainne Tudor Car
Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja
Federal Teaching Hospital
Irfan Ullah
Gomal University
Muhammad Shariq Usman
Dow University of Health Sciences
Olalekan A. Uthman
The University of Warwick
Selen Begüm Uzun
Ankara Universitesi
Muthiah Vaduganathan
Harvard University
Afsane Vaezi
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Gaurang Vaidya
University of Louisville
Pascual Rubén Valdez
Ciudad De Buenos Aires
Elena Varavikova
Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics
Santosh Varughese
Christian Medical College
Tommi Vasankari
UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research
Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos
University of Brasilia
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Raffles Hospital
Santos Villafaina
University of Extremadura
Francesco S Violante
University of Bologna
Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital
Sergey K. Vladimirov
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Stein Emil Vollset
University of Washington
Theo Vos
University of Washington
Kia Vosoughi
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Isidora S Vujcic
University of Belgrade
Fasil Wagnew
Debre Markos University
Yasir Waheed
Foundation University Medical College
Judd L. Walson
University of Washington
Yanping Wang
University of Sao Paulo (USP)
Yuan-Pang Wang
National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance
Elisabete Weiderpass
Karolinska Institutet
Robert G. Weintraub
Royal Children's Hospital
Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs
Clinical Pharmacy Unit
Andrea Werdecker
Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area
Ronny Westerman
Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort
Harvey A. Whiteford
University of Washington
Justyna Widecka
Zdroje Hospital
Katarzyna Widecka
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
Tissa Wijeratne
La Trobe University
Andrea Sylvia Winkler
University of Oslo
Charles Shey Wiysonge
Stellenbosch University
Charles D.A. Wolfe
King's College London
Shouling Wu
Kailuan General Hospital
Grant M.A. Wyper
Information Services Division
Gelin Xu
Nanjing University
Tomohide Yamada
University of Tokyo
Yuichiro Yano
Northwestern University
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Yasin Jemal Yasin
School of Public Health
Pengpeng Ye
Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement
Gökalp Kadri Yentür
Ministry of Health Tureky
Alex Yeshaneh
Wolkite University
Ebrahim Mohammed
School of Pharmacy
Paul Yip
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
Engida Yisma
School of Allied Health Sciences
Naohiro Yonemoto
Kyoto University
Seok-Jun Yoon
Northeastern University
Marcel Yotebieng
School of Public Health
Mustafa Z. Younis
Jackson State University
Mahmoud Yousefifard
Physiology Research Center
Chuanhua Yu
Wuhan University
Vesna Zadnik
Epidemiology and Cancer Registry
Zoubida Zaidi
University Hospital of Setif
Sojib Bin Zaman
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
Mohammad Zamani
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Zohreh Zare
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Mulugeta Molla Zeleke
School of Pharmacy
Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe
Debre Berhan University
Taddese Alemu Zerfu
African Population Health Research Centre
Xueying Zhang
University of Texas
Xiu-Ju Zhao
Wuhan University of Technology
Maigeng Zhou
Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention Center
Jun Zhu
National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance
Stephanie R.M. Zimsen
University of Washington
Sanjay Zodpey
Indian Institute of Public Health
Leo Zoeckler
University of Washington
Alan D. Lopez
University of Washington
Stephen S. Lim
University of Washington
The Lancet
0140-6736 (ISSN) 1474-547X (eISSN)
Vol. 392 10159 1995-2051Subject Categories
Environmental Health and Occupational Health
Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32278-5
PubMed
30496106