Characterizing and Mitigating Intraday Variability: Reconstructing Source Structure in Accreting Black Holes with mm-VLBI
Journal article, 2022
The extraordinary physical resolution afforded by the Event Horizon Telescope has opened a window onto the astrophysical phenomena unfolding on horizon scales in two known black holes, M87* and Sgr A*. However, with this leap in resolution has come a new set of practical complications. Sgr A* exhibits intraday variability that violates the assumptions underlying Earth aperture synthesis, limiting traditional image reconstruction methods to short timescales and data sets with very sparse (u, v) coverage. We present a new set of tools to detect and mitigate this variability. We develop a data-driven, model-agnostic procedure to detect and characterize the spatial structure of intraday variability. This method is calibrated against a large set of mock data sets, producing an empirical estimator of the spatial power spectrum of the brightness fluctuations. We present a novel Bayesian noise modeling algorithm that simultaneously reconstructs an average image and statistical measure of the fluctuations about it using a parameterized form for the excess variance in the complex visibilities not otherwise explained by the statistical errors. These methods are validated using a variety of simulated data, including general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations appropriate for Sgr A* and M87*. We find that the reconstructed source structure and variability are robust to changes in the underlying image model. We apply these methods to the 2017 EHT observations of M87*, finding evidence for variability across the EHT observing campaign. The variability mitigation strategies presented are widely applicable to very long baseline interferometry observations of variable sources generally, for which they provide a data-informed averaging procedure and natural characterization of inter-epoch image consistency.
Author
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University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
[Person 3e548368-901a-47e1-8d7b-1426b0d69089 not found]
University of Southern Denmark
Goethe University Frankfurt
[Person 4bacca26-2148-4d2a-929e-57c1583944be not found]
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
[Person e246866b-74de-4700-8a37-119500bbd86a not found]
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
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University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Goethe University Frankfurt
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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University of Malaya
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Texas at San Antonio
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Max Planck Society
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Academia Sinica
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East Asian Observatory
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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University of Toronto
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Academia Sinica
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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University of California
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University of Massachusetts
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Goethe University Frankfurt
University of Amsterdam
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University College Cork
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University of Illinois
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Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
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National Taiwan Normal University
Academia Sinica
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University of Concepcion
Aalto University
University of Turku
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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East Asian Observatory
Gemini Observatory North
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Goethe University Frankfurt
Trinity College Dublin
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
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Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Radboud University
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Max Planck Society
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Academia Sinica
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University of Arizona
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Max Planck Society
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Max Planck Society
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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National Council for Science and Technology Mexico
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Hiroshima University
Tokyo Institute of Technology
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University of Arizona
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Aalto University
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University of Massachusetts
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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Max Planck Society
Beijing University of Technology
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Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
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University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Yonsei University
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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University of Massachusetts
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California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Texas Tech University at Lubbock
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Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)
Radboud University
University of Arizona
Leiden University
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Max Planck Society
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Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Max Planck Society
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University of Arizona
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Seoul National University
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University of Illinois
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Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
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University of New Mexico
Leiden University
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
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Radboud University
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Radboud University
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Max Planck Society
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University of Central Lancashire
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Brandeis University
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Max Planck Society
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Max Planck Society
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Max Planck Society
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University of Turku
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Max Planck Society
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Radboud University
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Institute for Advanced Study
Princeton University
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Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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University of Amsterdam
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Radboud University
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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University College London (UCL)
Goethe University Frankfurt
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Chinese Academy of Sciences
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James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
University of Science and Technology of China
East Asian Observatory
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Max Planck Society
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Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
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Bard College
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Chinese Academy of Sciences
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 930 2 L21Subject Categories (SSIF 2011)
Probability Theory and Statistics
Computer Vision and Robotics (Autonomous Systems)
Medical Image Processing
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6584