Selective Dynamical Imaging of Interferometric Data
Journal article, 2022
Recent developments in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have made it possible for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to resolve the innermost accretion flows of the largest supermassive black holes on the sky. The sparse nature of the EHT's (u, v)-coverage presents a challenge when attempting to resolve highly time-variable sources. We demonstrate that the changing (u, v)-coverage of the EHT can contain regions of time over the course of a single observation that facilitate dynamical imaging. These optimal time regions typically have projected baseline distributions that are approximately angularly isotropic and radially homogeneous. We derive a metric of coverage quality based on baseline isotropy and density that is capable of ranking array configurations by their ability to produce accurate dynamical reconstructions. We compare this metric to existing metrics in the literature and investigate their utility by performing dynamical reconstructions on synthetic data from simulated EHT observations of sources with simple orbital variability. We then use these results to make recommendations for imaging the 2017 EHT Sgr A* data set.
Author
Joseph Farah
University of California at Santa Barbara
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Kazunori Akiyama
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Harvard University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Katherine L. Bouman
Harvard University
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
Andrew Chael
Princeton University
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program
Antonio Fuentes
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Jose L. Gomez
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
Mareki Honma
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Yutaro Kofuji
University of Tokyo
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daniel P. Marrone
University of Arizona
Kotaro Moriyama
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Ramesh Narayan
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Dominic W. Pesce
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Paul Tiede
University of Waterloo
Maciek Wielgus
Max Planck Society
Guang-Yao Zhao
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Antxon Alberdi
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max Planck Society
Juan Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay
Max Planck Society
Universitat de Valencia
Anne-Kathrin Baczkovic
Max Planck Society
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislay Balokovic
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Wilfred Boland
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA)
Hope Boyce
McGill University
Michael Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Christiaan D. Brinkerink
Radboud University
Roger Brissenden
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Silke Britzen
Max Planck Society
Avery E. Broderick
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dominique Broguiere
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud University
Sandra Bustamente
University of Massachusetts
Do-Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
John E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
Chi-kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Koushik Chatterjee
University of Amsterdam
Shami Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming-Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ilje Cho
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
John Conway
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Goethe University Frankfurt
Yuzhu Cui
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Jordy Davelaar
Flatiron Institute
Columbia University
Radboud University
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
University of Naples Federico II
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
Goethe University Frankfurt
Roger Deane
Rhodes University
University of Witwatersrand
University of Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey
East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes
Paris Descartes University
Sheperd S. Doeleman
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ralph P. Eatough
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max Planck Society
Heino Falcke
Radboud University
Vincent L. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
Radboud University
Per Friberg
East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Goethe University Frankfurt
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garc'a
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Ciriaco Goddi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Radboud University
Roman Gold
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Southern Denmark
Gomez-Ruiz
National Council for Science and Technology Mexico
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Mark Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kazuhiro Hada
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ronald Hesper
University of Groningen
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
Academia Sinica
Chih-Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Shiro Ikeda
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun
Radboud University
David J. James
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max Planck Society
Britton Jeter
University of Waterloo
Wu Jiang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud University
Svetlana Jorstad
Boston University
Taehyun Jung
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Max Planck Society
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
Garrett K. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max Planck Society
Jae-Young Kim
Max Planck Society
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
University of Arizona
Motoki Kino
Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Academia Sinica
Carsten Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Michael Kramer
Max Planck Society
Thomas P. Krichbaum
Max Planck Society
Cheng-Yu Kuo
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Academia Sinica
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Sang-Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Yan-Rong Li
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Rocco Lico
Max Planck Society
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory
Jun Liu
Max Planck Society
Kuo Liu
Max Planck Society
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Wen-Ping Lo
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan University
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max Planck Society
Laurent Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ru-Sen Lu
Max Planck Society
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicholas R. MacDonald
Max Planck Society
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Max Planck Society
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Sera Markoff
University of Amsterdam
Alan P. Marscher
Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Universitat de Valencia
Satoki Matsushita
Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Lia Medeiros
University of Arizona
Institute for Advanced Study
Karl M. Menten
Max Planck Society
Izumi Mizuno
East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno
Goethe University Frankfurt
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
James M. Moran
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Monika Moscibrodzka
Radboud University
Cornelia Muller
Max Planck Society
Radboud University
Alejandro Mus Mejas
Universitat de Valencia
Gibwa Musoke
Radboud University
University of Amsterdam
Hiroshi Nagai
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Neil M. Nagar
University of Concepcion
Masanori Nakamura
National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College
Academia Sinica
Gopal Narayanan
University of Massachusetts
Iniyan Natarajan
University of Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
Antonios Nathanail
Goethe University Frankfurt
Joey Neilsen
Villanova University
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chunchong Ni
University of Waterloo
Aristeidis Noutsos
Max Planck Society
Michael A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Hiroki Okino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Hector Olivares
Radboud University
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon
Max Planck Society
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Zel
University of Arizona
Daniel C. M. Palumbo
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Jongho Park
Academia Sinica
Nimesh Patel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ue-Li Pen
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
University of Toronto
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Vincent Pietu
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard Plambeck
University of California at Berkeley
Aleksandar PopStefanija
University of Massachusetts
Oliver Porth
University of Amsterdam
Goethe University Frankfurt
Felix M. Potzl
Max Planck Society
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dimitrios Psaltis
University of Arizona
Hung-Yi Pu
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan Normal University
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
University of Concepcion
Ramprasad Rao
Academia Sinica
Mark G. Rawlings
East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Luciano Rezzolla
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Trinity College Dublin
Goethe University Frankfurt
Bart Ripperda
Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
Freek Roelofs
Radboud University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Alan Rogers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Eduardo Ros
Max Planck Society
Mel Rose
University of Arizona
Arash Roshanineshat
University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann
Max Planck Society
Alan L. Roy
Max Planck Society
Chet Ruszczyk
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazi L. J. Rygl
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Salvador Sanchez
Trinity College Dublin
David Sanchez-Arguelles
National Council for Science and Technology Mexico
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Mahito Sasada
Hiroshima University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Tuomas Savolainen
Aalto University
Max Planck Society
F. Peter Schloerb
University of Massachusetts
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Max Planck Society
Beijing University of Technology
Zhiqiang Shen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
Yonsei University
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Jason SooHoo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
East Asian Observatory
Remo P. J. Tilanus
Leiden University
University of Arizona
Radboud University
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)
Michael Titus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kenji Toma
Tohoku University
Pablo Torne
Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
Max Planck Society
Efthalia Traianou
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
Max Planck Society
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
Sascha Trippe
Seoul National University
Ilse van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Leiden University
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud University
Jan Wagner
Max Planck Society
Derek Ward-Thompson
University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Brandeis University
Jonathan Weintroub
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Norbert Wex
Max Planck Society
Robert Wharton
Max Planck Society
Kaj Wiik
University of Turku
George N. Wong
University of Illinois
Qingwen Wu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Doosoo Yoon
University of Amsterdam
Andre Young
Radboud University
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ziri Younsi
University College London (UCL)
Goethe University Frankfurt
Feng Yuan
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ye-Fei Yuan
University of Science and Technology of China
J. Anton Zensus
Max Planck Society
Shan-Shan Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 930 2 L18Subject Categories
Medical Laboratory and Measurements Technologies
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6615