Roadmap on multivalent batteries
Review article, 2024
Battery technologies based in multivalent charge carriers with ideally two or three electrons transferred per ion exchanged between the electrodes have large promises in raw performance numbers, most often expressed as high energy density, and are also ideally based on raw materials that are widely abundant and less expensive. Yet, these are still globally in their infancy, with some concepts (e.g. Mg metal) being more technologically mature. The challenges to address are derived on one side from the highly polarizing nature of multivalent ions when compared to single valent concepts such as Li+ or Na+ present in Li-ion or Na-ion batteries, and on the other, from the difficulties in achieving efficient metal plating/stripping (which remains the holy grail for lithium). Nonetheless, research performed to date has given some fruits and a clearer view of the challenges ahead. These include technological topics (production of thin and ductile metal foil anodes) but also chemical aspects (electrolytes with high conductivity enabling efficient plating/stripping) or high-capacity cathodes with suitable kinetics (better inorganic hosts for intercalation of such highly polarizable multivalent ions). This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in the different technologies, which exhibit similarities but also striking differences, of the current state of the art in 2023 and the research directions and strategies currently underway to develop multivalent batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges, potential bottlenecks, and also emerging opportunities for their practical deployment.
energy storage
batteries
multivalent
multivalent batteries
Author
M. R. Palacin
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Patrik Johansson
Chalmers, Physics, Materials Physics
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
R. Dominko
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
National Institute of Chemistry
University of Ljubljana
Ben Dlugatch
Bar-Ilan University
Doron Aurbach
Bar-Ilan University
Zhenyou Li
Helmholtz
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Maximilian Fichtner
Helmholtz
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Olivera Lužanin
National Institute of Chemistry
University of Ljubljana
J. Bitenc
University of Ljubljana
National Institute of Chemistry
Zhixuan Wei
Justus Liebig University Giessen
Clarissa Glaser
Justus Liebig University Giessen
Jürgen Janek
Justus Liebig University Giessen
Ana Fernández-Barquín
Centro de Investigacion Tecnológica En Electroquimica
Aroa R. Mainar
Centro de Investigacion Tecnológica En Electroquimica
Olatz Leonet
Centro de Investigacion Tecnológica En Electroquimica
Idoia Urdampilleta
Centro de Investigacion Tecnológica En Electroquimica
J. Alberto Blázquez
Centro de Investigacion Tecnológica En Electroquimica
D. S. Tchitchekova
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
A. Ponrouch
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Pieremanuele Canepa
National University of Singapore (NUS)
Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam
Indian Institute of Science
Raúl San Román Gallego Casilda
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Cynthia S. Martinez-Cisneros
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Nieves Ureña Torres
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Alejandro Varez
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Jean Yves Sanchez
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Grenoble Alpes University
Kostiantyn V. Kravchyk
Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
Maksym V. Kovalenko
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie
Anastasia A. Teck
Imperial College London
Huw Shiel
Imperial College London
Ifan E. L. Stephens
Imperial College London
Mary P. Ryan
Imperial College London
Eugen Zemlyanushin
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Sonia Dsoke
Fraunhofer Society
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
University of Freiburg
Rebecca Grieco
IMDEA Energy Institute
Nagaraj Patil
IMDEA Energy Institute
Rebeca Marcilla
IMDEA Energy Institute
Xuan Gao
University College London (UCL)
Claire J. Carmalt
University College London (UCL)
Guanjie He
University College London (UCL)
Maria Magdalena Titirici
Imperial College London
JPhys Energy
2515-7655 (eISSN)
Vol. 6 3 031501Subject Categories (SSIF 2011)
Inorganic Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Other Chemical Engineering
DOI
10.1088/2515-7655/ad34fc