Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade
Journal article, 2024
More than 10 000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with a diameter of 80 mm will be installed in multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules (mDOMs) of the IceCube Upgrade. These have been tested and pre-calibrated at two sites. A throughput of more than 1000 PMTs per week with both sites was achieved with a modular design of the testing facilities and highly automated testing procedures. The testing facilities can easily be adapted to other PMTs, such that they can, e.g., be re-used for testing the PMTs for IceCube-Gen2. Single photoelectron response, high voltage dependence, time resolution, prepulse, late pulse, afterpulse probabilities, and dark rates were measured for each PMT. We describe the design of the testing facilities, the testing procedures, and the results of the acceptance tests.
others)
Cherenkov detectors; Neutrino detectors; Photon detectors for UV
HPDs
visible and IR photons (vacuum) (photomultipliers
Author
R. Abbasi
Loyola University of Chicago
M. Ackermann
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Adams
University of Canterbury
S. K. Agarwalla
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
J.A. Aguilar
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
M. Ahlers
Niels Bohr Institute
J. M. Alameddine
Technische Universität Dortmund
K. Andeen
Marquette University
N.M. Amin
University of Delaware
G. Anton
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
Y. Ashida
University of Utah
L. Ausborm
RWTH Aachen University
C. Argüelles
Harvard University
S. N. Axani
University of Delaware
S. Athanasiadou
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. V. Balagopal
X. Bai
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
S. Bash
Technical University of Munich
M. Baricevic
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
R. Bay
University of California
S.W. Barwick
University of California
V. Basu
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
C. Bellenghi
Technical University of Munich
J.J. Beatty
Ohio State University
Julia Tjus
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Beise
Uppsala University
C. Benning
RWTH Aachen University
F. Bontempo
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
S. Benzvi
University of Rochester
S. Böser
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
D. Berley
University of Maryland
O. Botner
Uppsala University
E. Bernardini
University of Padua
D. Z. Besson
University of Kansas
J. Braun
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
J. Brostean-Kaiser
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
E. Blaufuss
University of Maryland
L. Brusa
RWTH Aachen University
L. Bloom
University of Alabama
R. T. Burley
University of Adelaide
S. Blot
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M.A. Campana
Drexel University
J.Y. Book Motzkin
Harvard University
J. Carpio
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
S. Chattopadhyay
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
C. Boscolo Meneguolo
University of Padua
N. Chau
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
J. Böttcher
RWTH Aachen University
S. Choi
Sungkyunkwan University
B. Brinson
Georgia Institute of Technology
G.H. Collin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
A. Connolly
Ohio State University
J.M. Conrad
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
P. Coppin
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
D. Butterfield
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
R. Corley
University of Utah
I. Caracas
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
K. Carloni
Harvard University
D. Delgado
Harvard University
A. Desai
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
P. Desiati
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
Z. Chen
Stony Brook University
G. De Wasseige
Universite catholique de Louvain
T. Deyoung
Michigan State University
D. Chirkin
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
A. Diaz
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
J. C. Díaz-Vélez
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
B.A. Clark
University of Maryland
M. Dittmer
University of Münster
A. Coleman
Uppsala University
P. Correa
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
A. Domi
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
P. Dave
Georgia Institute of Technology
S. Deng
RWTH Aachen University
J.J. Delaunay
University of Alabama
K.L. Fan
University of Maryland
K. D. De Vries
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
K. Farrag
Chiba University
A. R. Fazely
Southern University and A&M College
S. Fiedlschuster
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
C. Finley
Oskar Klein Centre
L. Fischer
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
P. Dierichs
RWTH Aachen University
D. Fox
Pennsylvania State University
S. Fukami
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
L. Draper
University of Utah
J. S. Gallagher III
University of Wisconsin Madison
K. Dutta
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
A. Garcia
Harvard University
M. A. Duvernois
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
G. Garg
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
T. Ehrhardt
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
L. Gerhardt
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
L. Eidenschink
Technical University of Munich
C. Girard-Carillo
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
C. Glaser
Uppsala University
A. Eimer
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
T. Glüsenkamp
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
P. Eller
Technical University of Munich
J.G. Gonzalez
University of Delaware
E. Ellinger
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
A. Granados
Michigan State University
D. Grant
Michigan State University
S. El Mentawi
RWTH Aachen University
S.J. Gray
University of Maryland
O. Gries
RWTH Aachen University
D. Elsaesser
Technische Universität Dortmund
S. Griffin
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
R. Engel
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
H. Erpenbeck
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
C. Günther
RWTH Aachen University
J. Evans
University of Maryland
C. Ha
Chung-Ang University
P.A. Evenson
University of Delaware
A. Hallgren
Uppsala University
K. Fang
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
R. Halliday
Michigan State University
F. Halzen
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
A. Fedynitch
Academia Sinica
M. Handt
RWTH Aachen University
K. Hanson
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
N. Feigl
Humboldt University of Berlin
J. Hardin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
P. Hatch
Queen's University
K. Helbing
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
D. F. Cowen
Pennsylvania State University
A. Franckowiak
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Hellrung
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
C. De Clercq
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
L. Heuermann
RWTH Aachen University
N. Heyer
Uppsala University
P. Fürst
RWTH Aachen University
S. Hickford
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
C. Hill
Chiba University
E. Ganster
RWTH Aachen University
G.C. Hill
University of Adelaide
M. Garcia
University of Delaware
K. Hoshina
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
M. Hostert
Harvard University
E. Genton
Harvard University
W. Hou
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
K. Hultqvist
Oskar Klein Centre
A. Ghadimi
University of Alabama
M. Hünnefeld
Technische Universität Dortmund
A. Ishihara
Chiba University
S. Goswami
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
W. Iwakiri
Chiba University
M. Jeong
University of Utah
M. Jin
Harvard University
B.J.P. Jones
University of Texas at Arlington
S. Griswold
University of Rochester
N. Kamp
Harvard University
K.M. Groth
Niels Bohr Institute
W. Kang
Sungkyunkwan University
A. Kappes
University of Münster
D. Kappesser
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
P. Gutjahr
Technische Universität Dortmund
L. Kardum
Technische Universität Dortmund
C. Haack
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
H. Dujmovic
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
M. Karl
Technical University of Munich
U. Katz
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
M. Kauer
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
L. Halve
RWTH Aachen University
M. Khanal
University of Utah
A. Khatee Zathul
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
J. Kiryluk
Stony Brook University
H. Hamdaoui
Stony Brook University
A. Kochocki
Michigan State University
R. Koirala
University of Delaware
M. Ha Minh
Technical University of Munich
H. Kolanoski
Humboldt University of Berlin
L. Köpke
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
C. Kopper
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
A.A. Harnisch
Michigan State University
D.J. Koskinen
Niels Bohr Institute
A. Haungs
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
J. Häußler
RWTH Aachen University
M. Kovacevich
Drexel University
J. Hermannsgabner
RWTH Aachen University
J. Krishnamoorthi
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
A. Hidvegi
Oskar Klein Centre
Emma Kun
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
N. Kurahashi
Drexel University
N. Lad
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
C. Lagunas Gualda
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K.D. Hoffman
University of Maryland
M. Lamoureux
Universite catholique de Louvain
S. Hori
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
M.J. Larson
University of Maryland
T. Huber
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
K. Leonard Deholton
Eberly College of Science
A. Leszczyńska
University of Delaware
M. Lincetto
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
M. Liubarska
University of Alberta
R. Hussain
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
E. Lohfink
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
K. Hymon
Technische Universität Dortmund
C. Love
Drexel University
M. Jacquart
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
W. Luszczak
Ohio State University
E. Magnus
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
K.B.M. Mahn
Michigan State University
Y. Makino
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
O. Janik
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
E. Manao
Technical University of Munich
M. Jansson
Oskar Klein Centre
I.C. Mariş
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
G.S. Japaridze
Clark Atlanta University
S. Marka
Columbia University
M. Marsee
University of Alabama
I. Martinez-Soler
Harvard University
R. Maruyama
Yale University
F. McNally
Mercer University
R. Joppe
RWTH Aachen University
J.V. Mead
Niels Bohr Institute
D. Kang
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
L. Merten
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
X. Kang
Drexel University
R. W. Moore
University of Alberta
Y. Morii
Chiba University
R. Morse
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
M. Moulai
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
R. Nagai
Chiba University
T. Karg
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Nakos
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
A. Karle
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
U. Naumann
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
A. Katil
University of Alberta
J. Necker
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J.L. Kelley
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
M. Neumann
University of Münster
A. Kheirandish
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
H. Niederhausen
Michigan State University
M.U. Nisa
Michigan State University
T. Kontrimas
Technical University of Munich
K. Noda
Chiba University
M. Kossatz
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
V. O’Dell
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
P. Koundal
University of Delaware
M. Kowalski
Humboldt University of Berlin
B. Oeyen
Ghent university
T. Kozynets
Niels Bohr Institute
R. Orsoe
Technical University of Munich
E. Krupczak
Michigan State University
J. Osborn
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
A. Kumar
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
E. O'Sullivan
Uppsala University
H. Pandya
University of Delaware
N. Park
Queen's University
S. Latseva
RWTH Aachen University
E.N. Paudel
University of Delaware
J.P. Lazar
Universite catholique de Louvain
J.W. Lee
Sungkyunkwan University
T. Pernice
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
F. Lauber
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
J. Peterson
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
J. Liao
Georgia Institute of Technology
S. Philippen
RWTH Aachen University
Y. Liu
Eberly College of Science
A. Pizzuto
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
C.J. Lozano Mariscal
University of Münster
M. Plum
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
L. Lu
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
F. Lucarelli
University of Geneva
M. Prado Rodriguez
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
B. Pries
Michigan State University
G.T. Przybylski
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
C. Raab
Universite catholique de Louvain
Y. Lyu
University of California
J. Rack-Helleis
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Z. Rechav
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
P. Reichherzer
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Madsen
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
E. Resconi
Technical University of Munich
A. Rifaie
RWTH Aachen University
M. Rongen
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
A. Rosted
Chiba University
C. Rott
University of Utah
T. Ruhe
Technische Universität Dortmund
L. Ruohan
Technical University of Munich
I. Safa
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
D. Salazar-Gallegos
Michigan State University
A. Sandrock
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
S. Mancina
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
S. Sarkar
University of Alberta
P. Savina
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
P. Schaile
Technical University of Munich
W. Marie Sainte
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
M. Schaufel
RWTH Aachen University
B. Schlüter
University of Münster
N. Schmeisser
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
T. Schmidt
University of Maryland
J. Schneider
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
F.G. Schröder
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
S. Sclafani
University of Maryland
D. Seckel
University of Delaware
M. Seikh
University of Kansas
M. Seo
Sungkyunkwan University
P. Sevle Myhr
Universite catholique de Louvain
R. Shah
Drexel University
Z. Marka
Columbia University
B. Skrzypek
University of California
J. Soedingrekso
Technische Universität Dortmund
D. Soldin
University of Utah
C. Spannfellner
Technical University of Munich
F. Mayhew
Michigan State University
C. Spiering
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
G.W. Sullivan
University of Maryland
I. Taboada
Georgia Institute of Technology
A. Terliuk
Technical University of Munich
M. Thiesmeyer
RWTH Aachen University
W.G. Thompson
Harvard University
K. Meagher
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
S. Tilav
University of Delaware
D. Tosi
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
R. Turcotte
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
J.P. Twagirayezu
Michigan State University
S. Mechbal
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A.K. Upadhyay
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
J. Vandenbroucke
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
N. Van Eijndhoven
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
D. Vannerom
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
J. Van Santen
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. Medina
Ohio State University
J. Vara
University of Münster
M. Venugopal
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
M. Vereecken
Universite catholique de Louvain
S. Verpoest
University of Delaware
A. Vijai
University of Maryland
C. Walck
Oskar Klein Centre
C. Weaver
Michigan State University
M. Meier
Chiba University
P. Weigel
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Y. Merckx
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
C. Wendt
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
M. Weyrauch
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Nathan Whitehorn
Michigan State University
C.H. Wiebusch
RWTH Aachen University
L. Witthaus
Technische Universität Dortmund
M. Wolf
Technical University of Munich
G. Wrede
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
X.W. Xu
Southern University and A&M College
J.P. Yanez
University of Alberta
S. Yoshida
Chiba University
R. Young
University of Kansas
S. Yu
University of Utah
T. Yuan
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
J. Micallef
Michigan State University
P. Zhelnin
Harvard University
T. Montaruli
University of Geneva
T. Mukherjee
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
R. Naab
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. Negi
University of Texas at Arlington
L. Neste
Oskar Klein Centre
A. Noell
RWTH Aachen University
A. Novikov
University of Delaware
A. Obertacke Pollmann
Chiba University
A. Olivas
University of Maryland
G.K. Parker
University of Texas at Arlington
L. Paul
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
C. Pérez de los Heros
Uppsala University
A. Pontén
Uppsala University
Y. Popovych
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
R. Procter-Murphy
University of Maryland
M. Ravn
Uppsala University
K. Rawlins
University of Alaska Anchorage
A. Rehman
University of Delaware
S. Reusch
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
B. Riedel
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
E.J. Roberts
University of Adelaide
S. Robertson
University of California
S. Rodan
Sungkyunkwan University
G. Roellinghoff
Sungkyunkwan University
D. Ryckbosch
Ghent university
J. Saffer
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
M. Santander
University of Alabama
J. Savelberg
RWTH Aachen University
H. Schieler
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
S. Schindler
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
F. Schlüter
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
L. Schumacher
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
S. Seunarine
University of Wisconsin
S. Shefali
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
N. Shimizu
Chiba University
M. Silva
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
B. Smithers
University of Texas at Arlington
R. Snihur
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
A. Søgaard
Niels Bohr Institute
P. Soldin
RWTH Aachen University
G. Sommani
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
G.M. Spiczak
University of Wisconsin
M. Stamatikos
Ohio State University
T. Stanev
University of Delaware
T. Stezelberger
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
T. Stürwald
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
T. Stuttard
Niels Bohr Institute
K.H. Sulanke
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. Ter-Antonyan
Southern University and A&M College
J. Thwaites
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
K. Tollefson
Michigan State University
C. Tönnis
Sungkyunkwan University
S. Toscano
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
A. Trettin
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M.A. Unland Elorrieta
University of Münster
K. Upshaw
Southern University and A&M College
K. Kruiswijk
Universite catholique de Louvain
A. Vaidyanathan
Marquette University
N. Valtonen-Mattila
Uppsala University
J. Veitch-Michaelis
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
D. Veske
Columbia University
A. Wang
Georgia Institute of Technology
A. Weindl
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
J. Weldert
Eberly College of Science
A.Y. Wen
Harvard University
J. Werthebach
Technische Universität Dortmund
D.R. Williams
University of Alabama
A. Wolf
RWTH Aachen University
E. Yildizci
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
Z. Zhang
Stony Brook University
P. Zilberman
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
P. Sampathkumar
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
M. Zimmerman
Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center
J. Mitchell
Southern University and A&M College
W. Rhode
Technische Universität Dortmund
Journal of Instrumentation
17480221 (eISSN)
Vol. 19Subject Categories (SSIF 2011)
Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation
DOI
10.1088/1748-0221/19/07/P07038