The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
Journal article, 2024
During the first billion years of their life, exoplanet atmospheres are modified by different atmospheric escape phenomena that can strongly affect the shape and morphology of the exoplanet itself. These processes can be studied with Lyα, Hα, and/or He I triplet observations. We present high-resolution spectroscopy observations from CARMENES and GIARPS checking for He I and Hα signals in 20 exoplanetary atmospheres: V1298 Tau c, K2-100 b, HD 63433 b, HD 63433 c, HD 73583 b, HD 73583 c, K2-77 b, TOI-2076 b, TOI-2048 b, HD 235088 b, TOI-1807 b, TOI-1136 d, TOI-1268 b, TOI-1683 b, TOI-2018 b, MASCARA-2 b, WASP-189 b, TOI-2046 b, TOI-1431 b, and HAT-P-57 b. We report two new high-resolution spectroscopy He I detections for TOI-1268 b and TOI-2018 b, and a Hα detection for TOI-1136 d. Furthermore, we detect hints of He I for HD 63433 b, and Hα for HD 73583 b and c, which need to be confirmed. The aim of the Measuring Out-flows in Planets orbiting Young Stars (MOPYS) project is to understand the evaporating phenomena and test their predictions from the current observations. We compiled a list of 70 exoplanets with He I and/or Hα observations, from this work and the literature, and we considered the He I and Hα results as proxy for atmospheric escape. Our principal results are that 0.1–1 Gyr planets do not exhibit more He I or Hα detections than older planets, and evaporation signals are more frequent for planets orbiting ∼1–3 Gyr stars. We provide new constraints to the cosmic shoreline, the empirical division between rocky planets and planets with atmosphere, by using the evaporation detections and we explore the capabilities of a new dimensionless parameter, RHe/RHill, to explain the He I triplet detections. Furthermore, we present a statistically significant upper boundary for the He I triplet detections in the Teq versus ρp parameter space. Planets located above that boundary are unlikely to show He I absorption signals.
techniques: photometric
planets
satellites: physical evolution
planets and satellites: atmospheres
techniques: radial velocities
planets and satellites: gaseous planets
Author
J. Orell-Miquel
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
F. Murgas
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Enric Palle
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
M. Mallorquín
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
M. Lopez-Puertas
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
M. Lampon
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
J. Sanz-Forcada
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
L. Nortmann
University of Göttingen
S. Czesla
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
E. Nagel
University of Göttingen
I. Ribas
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
M. Stangret
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
J.H. Livingston
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Emil Knudstrup
Aarhus University
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
Simon Albrecht
Aarhus University
Ilaria Carleo
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
J. A. Caballero
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
Fei Dai
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
E. Esparza-Borges
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
A. Fukui
University of Tokyo
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Kevin Heng
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)
T. Henning
Max Planck Society
T. Kagetani
University of Tokyo
F. Lesjak
University of Göttingen
Jerome P. De Leon
University of Tokyo
D. Montes
IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)
Giuseppe Morello
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Norio Narita
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
University of Tokyo
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
A. Quirrenbach
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
P. J. Amado
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
A. Reiners
University of Göttingen
A. Schweitzer
University of Hamburg
J. I. Vico Linares
Calar Alto Astronomical Observatory
Astronomy and Astrophysics
0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)
Vol. 689 A179Subject Categories (SSIF 2011)
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202449411