The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
Journal article, 2024
During the first billion years of their life, exoplanet atmospheres are modified by different atmospheric escape phenomena that can strongly affect the shape and morphology of the exoplanet itself. These processes can be studied with Lyα, Hα, and/or He I triplet observations. We present high-resolution spectroscopy observations from CARMENES and GIARPS checking for He I and Hα signals in 20 exoplanetary atmospheres: V1298 Tau c, K2-100 b, HD 63433 b, HD 63433 c, HD 73583 b, HD 73583 c, K2-77 b, TOI-2076 b, TOI-2048 b, HD 235088 b, TOI-1807 b, TOI-1136 d, TOI-1268 b, TOI-1683 b, TOI-2018 b, MASCARA-2 b, WASP-189 b, TOI-2046 b, TOI-1431 b, and HAT-P-57 b. We report two new high-resolution spectroscopy He I detections for TOI-1268 b and TOI-2018 b, and a Hα detection for TOI-1136 d. Furthermore, we detect hints of He I for HD 63433 b, and Hα for HD 73583 b and c, which need to be confirmed. The aim of the Measuring Out-flows in Planets orbiting Young Stars (MOPYS) project is to understand the evaporating phenomena and test their predictions from the current observations. We compiled a list of 70 exoplanets with He I and/or Hα observations, from this work and the literature, and we considered the He I and Hα results as proxy for atmospheric escape. Our principal results are that 0.1–1 Gyr planets do not exhibit more He I or Hα detections than older planets, and evaporation signals are more frequent for planets orbiting ∼1–3 Gyr stars. We provide new constraints to the cosmic shoreline, the empirical division between rocky planets and planets with atmosphere, by using the evaporation detections and we explore the capabilities of a new dimensionless parameter, RHe/RHill, to explain the He I triplet detections. Furthermore, we present a statistically significant upper boundary for the He I triplet detections in the Teq versus ρp parameter space. Planets located above that boundary are unlikely to show He I absorption signals.
planets and satellites: gaseous planets
planets and satellites: atmospheres
satellites: physical evolution
planets
techniques: photometric
techniques: radial velocities
Author
J. Orell-Miquel
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
F. Murgas
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
Enric Palle
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
M. Mallorquín
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of La Laguna
M. Lopez-Puertas
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
M. Lampon
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
J. Sanz-Forcada
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
L. Nortmann
University of Göttingen
S. Czesla
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
E. Nagel
University of Göttingen
I. Ribas
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE) - CSIC
Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC)
M. Stangret
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
J.H. Livingston
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Emil Knudstrup
Aarhus University
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
Simon Albrecht
Aarhus University
Ilaria Carleo
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
J. A. Caballero
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
Fei Dai
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
E. Esparza-Borges
University of La Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
A. Fukui
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of Tokyo
Kevin Heng
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)
T. Henning
Max Planck Society
T. Kagetani
University of Tokyo
F. Lesjak
University of Göttingen
Jerome P. De Leon
University of Tokyo
D. Montes
IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos)
Giuseppe Morello
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
Norio Narita
University of Tokyo
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
A. Quirrenbach
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
P. J. Amado
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
A. Reiners
University of Göttingen
A. Schweitzer
University of Hamburg
J. I. Vico Linares
Calar Alto Astronomical Observatory
Astronomy and Astrophysics
0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)
Vol. 689 A179Subject Categories
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202449411