Testing OH Megamaser Identification Methods in H i Surveys: Updated Source-flagging Algorithms and New Detections in ALFALFA

Journal article, 2025

OH megamasers (OHMs) are extragalactic masers found primarily in gas-rich galaxy major mergers. To date, only similar to 120 OHMs have been cataloged since their discovery in 1982, and efforts to identify distinct characteristics of OHM host galaxies have remained inconclusive. As radio astronomy advances with next-generation telescopes and extensive 21 cm H i surveys, precursors to the Square Kilometre Array are expected to detect the 18 cm OH masing line with significantly increased frequency, potentially expanding the known OHM population tenfold. These detections, however, risk confusion with lower-redshift H i emitters unless accompanied by independent spectroscopic redshifts. Building on methods proposed by Roberts et al. for distinguishing these interloping OHMs via near- to mid-IR photometry and emission line frequencies, we apply these techniques to data from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA [Arecibo L-band Feed Array] (ALFALFA) survey and a preliminary Aperture Tile In Focus (Apertif) H i emission line catalog from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. Our study, utilizing the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m telescope to obtain optical spectroscopic redshifts of 142 candidates (107 from ALFALFA and 35 from Apertif), confirms five new OHM host galaxies and reidentifies two previously catalogued OHMs misclassified as H i emitters in ALFALFA. These findings support the predictions from Roberts et al. and underscore the evolving landscape of radio astronomy in the context of next-generation telescopes.