Water-entry beside level ice based on immersed boundary coupled with lattice Boltzmann method–volume-of-fluid approach

Journal article, 2025

This study investigates the water entry of a free-falling wedge beside level ice in two-dimensional scenario. To simulate the nonlinear free surface evolution as well as the moving wall of the wedge, the immersed boundary method coupled with the lattice Boltzmann method–volume-of-fluid approach is used in the present study. The free-falling wedge-entry beside level ice is systematically simulated. It is found that the slamming force is enhanced by the level ice. The hydrodynamic mechanisms governing the enhancement are analyzed. The wedge-ice gap acts as a dynamically changing channel during the water entry, which significantly increases the fluid pressure. Additionally, the restrictive effect of the level ice on the slamming forces as well as the motion of a free-falling wedge is quantitatively analyzed. The influence of the initial velocity and the distance of the wedge-ice gap is also investigated. Within the parameters of this study, it is found that narrowing the wedge-ice gap can increase the slamming force by up to 32%, and the corresponding reduction in velocity is approximately 10% more. When the initial velocity varies, the enhancement of level ice on the slamming force is less significant, remaining roughly around 20%.