Roadmap for Photonics with 2D Materials
Review article, 2025
Triggered by advances in atomic-layer exfoliation and growth techniques, along with the identification of a wide range of extraordinary physical properties in self-standing films consisting of one or a few atomic layers, two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other van der Waals (vdW) crystals now constitute a broad research field expanding in multiple directions through the combination of layer stacking and twisting, nanofabrication, surface-science methods, and integration into nanostructured environments. Photonics encompasses a multidisciplinary subset of those directions, where 2D materials contribute remarkable nonlinearities, long-lived and ultraconfined polaritons, strong excitons, topological and chiral effects, susceptibility to external stimuli, accessibility, robustness, and a completely new range of photonic materials based on layer stacking, gating, and the formation of moiré patterns. These properties are being leveraged to develop applications in electro-optical modulation, light emission and detection, imaging and metasurfaces, integrated optics, sensing, and quantum physics across a broad spectral range extending from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet, as well as enabling hybridization with spin and momentum textures of electronic band structures and magnetic degrees of freedom. The rapid expansion of photonics with 2D materials as a dynamic research arena is yielding breakthroughs, which this Roadmap summarizes while identifying challenges and opportunities for future goals and how to meet them through a wide collection of topical sections prepared by leading practitioners.
2D polaritons
photonics with 2D materials
electro-optical modulation
excitons in van der Waals materials
layer stacking and moiré photonics
nonlinear optics
quantum photonics
Author
F. Javier García de Abajo
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies
D. N. Basov
Columbia University
F. H. L. Koppens
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
Lorenzo Orsini
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
Matteo Ceccanti
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
Sebastián Castilla
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
Lorenzo Cavicchi
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
University of Pisa
M. Polini
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
University of Pisa
P. A.D. Gonçalves
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
A. T. Costa
International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory INL
N. M.R. Peres
University of Minho
University of Southern Denmark
N. Asger Mortensen
University of Southern Denmark
Sathwik Bharadwaj
Purdue University
Zubin Jacob
Purdue University
P. J. Schuck
Columbia University
A. N. Pasupathy
Columbia University
Milan Delor
Columbia University
M. K. Liu
Stony Brook University
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Aitor Mugarza
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies
Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia
Pablo Merino
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Marc G. Cuxart
Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia
Emigdio Chávez-Angel
Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia
Martin Švec
Czech Academy of Sciences
Luiz H.G. Tizei
University Paris-Saclay
Florian Dirnberger
Technical University of Munich
Hui Deng
University of Michigan
Christian Schneider
The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
Vinod Menon
City University of New York (CUNY)
Thorsten Deilmann
University of Münster
Alexey Chernikov
Technische Universität Dresden
Kristian S. Thygesen
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Yohannes Abate
University of Georgia
Mauricio Terrones
Eberly College of Science
Vinod K. Sangwan
Northwestern University
Mark C. Hersam
Northwestern University
Leo Yu
Stanford University
Xueqi Chen
Stanford University
T. F. Heinz
Stanford University
Puneet Murthy
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)
Martin Kroner
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)
Tomasz Smolenski
University of Basel
Deepankur Thureja
Harvard University
Thibault Chervy
Pennsylvania State University
Armando Genco
Polytechnic University of Milan
Chiara Trovatello
Polytechnic University of Milan
Giulio Cerullo
Polytechnic University of Milan
Stefano Dal Conte
Polytechnic University of Milan
Daniel Timmer
The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
Antonietta De Sio
The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
Christoph Lienau
The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
Nianze Shang
Aalto University
Hao Hong
Beijing University of Technology
Kaihui Liu
Beijing University of Technology
Zhipei Sun
Aalto University
Lee A. Rozema
University of Vienna
Philip Walther
University of Vienna
Andrea Alu
City University of New York (CUNY)
Andrea Marini
University of L'Aquila
Michele Cotrufo
University of Rochester
Raquel Queiroz
Columbia University
X. Y. Zhu
Columbia University
Joel D. Cox
University of Southern Denmark
Eduardo J.C. Dias
University of Southern Denmark
Álvaro Rodríguez Echarri
Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy
Fadil Iyikanat
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
Paul Herrmann
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Nele Tornow
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Sebastian Klimmer
Australian National University
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Jan Wilhelm
University of Regensburg
Giancarlo Soavi
Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Zeyuan Sun
Fudan University
Shiwei Wu
Fudan University
Ying Xiong
Singapore University of Technology and Design
Nanyang Technological University
Oles Matsyshyn
Nanyang Technological University
Roshan Krishna Kumar
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia
Justin C.W. Song
Nanyang Technological University
Tomer Bucher
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Alexey Gorlach
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Shai Tsesses
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ido Kaminer
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Julian Schwab
University of Stuttgart
Florian Mangold
University of Stuttgart
Harald Giessen
University of Stuttgart
M. Sánchez Sánchez
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Dmitri K. Efetov
MCQST
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)
T. Low
University of Minnesota
G. Gómez-Santos
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)
T. Stauber
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
University of Oviedo
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
Jiahua Duan
Beijing Institute of Technology
Luis Martín-Moreno
University of Zaragoza
Alexander Paarmann
Max Planck Society
Joshua D. Caldwell
Vanderbilt University
Alexey Y. Nikitin
Donostia International Physics Center
Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque)
Pablo Alonso-Gonzalez
University of Oviedo
Niclas S. Mueller
Max Planck Society
Valentyn S. Volkov
Emerging Technologies Research Center
Deep Jariwala
University of Pennsylvania
Timur Shegai
Chalmers, Physics, Nano and Biophysics
Jorik van de Groep
University of Amsterdam
Alexandra Boltasseva
Purdue University
Igor Bondarev
The University of North Carolina System
Vladimir M. Shalaev
Purdue University
Jeffrey Simon
Purdue University
Colton Fruhling
Purdue University
Guangzhen Shen
Hefei University of Technology
Dino Novko
Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques
Shijing Tan
Hefei University of Technology
Bingyu Wang
Hefei University of Technology
Hrvoje Petek
University of Pittsburgh
Vahagn Mkhitaryan
Purdue University
Renwen Yu
Stanford University
Alejandro Manjavacas
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
J. Enrique Ortega
San Sebastián University
Xu Cheng
Aalto University
Ruijuan Tian
Aalto University
Dong Mao
Northwestern Polytechnical University
Dries Van Thourhout
Ghent university
Xuetao Gan
Northwestern Polytechnical University
Qing Dai
Shanghai University
Aaron Sternbach
University of Maryland
You Zhou
University of Maryland
Mohammad Hafezi
University of Maryland
Dmitrii Litvinov
Singapore Institute of Technology
Magdalena Grzeszczyk
Institute for Basic Science - Korea (IBS)
K. S. Novoselov
National University of Singapore (NUS)
Maciej Koperski
National University of Singapore (NUS)
Sotirios Papadopoulos
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)
Lukas Novotny
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)
Leonardo Viti
National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
Miriam S. Vitiello
National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
Nathan D. Cottam
University of Nottingham
Benjamin T. Dewes
University of Nottingham
O. Makarovsky
University of Nottingham
Amalia Patane
University of Nottingham
Yihao Song
Yale University
Mingyang Cai
Yale University
Jiazhen Chen
Yale University
Doron Naveh
Bar-Ilan University
Houk Jang
Boston College
Suji Park
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Fengnian Xia
Yale University
Philipp K. Jenke
Aalto University
Josip Bajo
University of Vienna
Benjamin Braun
University of Vienna
Kenneth S. Burch
Boston College
Liuyan Zhao
University of Michigan
Xiaodong Xu
University of Washington
ACS Photonics
2330-4022 (eISSN)
Vol. 12 8 3961-4095Subject Categories (SSIF 2025)
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Condensed Matter Physics
Other Physics Topics
DOI
10.1021/acsphotonics.5c00353