Monitoring long-term trends of spatial and temporal flexibility in electricity systems
Journal article, 2025

The long history of evolving energy systems is also the history of adding new forms of flexibility, from run-of-the-
river hydropower with limited spatial and temporal flexibility to contemporary fossil-fuel based electricity sys-
tems allowing more flexibility due to storable and transportable fuel and controllable generation. The increasing
shares of solar and wind energy, which are available everywhere, but not all the time, calls for new types of flexi-
bility strategies. Monitoring changing patterns of flexibility strategies add to our understanding of the status and
direction of long run energy system transformation. To capture such broad trends and allow for comparison
across regions, this study develops two indicators: Gross spatial flexibility (GSF) and Gross temporal flexibility
(GTF). The indicators are tested on a sample of countries including Australia, Germany-Luxembourg-Austria
(GLA region), Sweden and the USA. By normalising storage and transmission capacity to average power demand
these indicators are shown to enable comparisons across time and across regions of different sizes. At present,
publicly available data in most countries remain insufficient for simple indicator construction and continuous up-
dating. The German MaStR platform is an exception and could serve as inspiration for database construction in
other countries.

Electricity system

Flexibility indicators

Transmission grid

Energy storage

Author

Chunshuo Ge

The Swedish Electricity Storage and Balancing Centre

Environmental Systems Analysis 01

Anders Nordelöf

Chalmers, Technology Management and Economics, Environmental Systems Analysis

Björn Sandén

The Swedish Electricity Storage and Balancing Centre

Chalmers, Technology Management and Economics, Environmental Systems Analysis

Energy Conversion and Management: X

25901745 (eISSN)

Subject Categories (SSIF 2025)

Energy Systems

DOI

10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101437

More information

Latest update

12/12/2025