Multi-frequency excitation enables one-second battery diagnostics across life cycle chain

Other text in scientific journal, 2025

Zhou et al. introduce a multi-channel, multi-frequency electrical response (MMER) method that diagnoses hundreds of lithium-ion cells within 1 s. By replacing sequential impedance sweeps with parallel time-domain excitation, MMER bridges laboratory precision and factory-scale speed, enabling real-time, sustainable battery field testing across massive manufacturing, second-life reuse, and end-of-life recycling.