Conceptual decision support framework for sustainable and energy-efficient water supply systems

Journal article, 2026

This paper develops a multi-criteria decision support framework to provide a structured process for selecting and assessing sustainable and energy-efficient water supply systems. The research addresses the need for a unified, practical tool that consolidates the diverse factors involved in water sustainability. We developed this conceptual framework by conducting semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 13 diverse stakeholders in Sweden, including representatives from municipalities and water suppliers. This participatory process identified 30 criteria and 39 indicators dimensions of water, energy, health, resilience, and climate. The criteria were organized into national, regional, and project-related categories to ensure seamless adaptability to local conditions. The framework utilizes a modular boundary logic and organize criteria into national, regional, and project level tiers. It was validated though proof of concept for a residential building in Stockholm and sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the robustness of the result. Ultimately, this framework offers a robust and adaptable methodology for assessing water and energy systems in buildings. By translating complex academic research into a practical tool, it serves as a vital bridge between theory and implementation, enabling more informed and sustainable decisions in water resource management.