Multi-band Carrier Phase Positioning toward 6G: Performance Bounds and Design Insights

Paper in proceeding, 2026

Carrier phase positioning (CPP) is widely used in satellite system applications, enabling centimeter-level localization accuracy. Recently, CPP is gaining attraction also in terrestrial mobile networks, particularly in 5G New Radio (NR) evolution toward 6G. One key challenge is to resolve the so-called integer ambiguity problem, as carrier phase provides only relative position information. This work introduces and studies a multi-band CPP scenario with intra- and inter-band carrier aggregation (CA) opportunities across FR1, mmWave-FR2, and emerging 6G FR3 bands. Specifically, we derive multi-band CPP performance bounds, showcasing the superiority of multi-band CPP for high-precision localization in current and future mobile networks. A wide collection of numerical results is provided, covering the impacts of the available carrier bandwidth, number of aggregated carriers, transmit power, and the number of network nodes. The offered results highlight that only two carriers need to be aggregated to substantially facilitate resolving the integer ambiguity problem.