A state-of-the-art review and analysis of battery system technologies for maritime electrification

Review article, 2027

The maritime industry is among the key players in global trade, transporting the largest portion of the world's goods. It connects economies, supports millions of jobs, and enables the movement of raw materials, energy resources, and manufactured products efficiently across continents. However, this industry is also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Considering these emissions, this industry is undergoing a transition to maritime electrification with net-zero emissions. In order to achieve that goal, batteries are the main tool, including the development of fully electric and hybrid vessels. To this end, this paper provides a structured overview of battery systems in marine electrification, covering various aspects of this rapidly evolving field. It presents an analysis of different ship types and the power topologies of electric and hybrid vessels, supported by updated examples of real-world commercialized and produced vessels across different regions. Additionally, the evolution of battery technology is demonstrated by detailing both commercialized and early-stage batteries, with a focus on their power rating, energy density, specific energy, cycle life, and management systems. Furthermore, the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital twin technologies in marine electrification are presented with a detailed review of recent developments. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) strategies are classified into several categories, and a case study from a representative strategy of each class in battery and marine electrification is presented. It also includes guidelines and standards issued by official organizations to ensure compliance and safety in the sector. Additionally, it highlights recently completed and ongoing funded projects in marine electrification in the U.S. and the EU, as well as the related software tools and industry white papers. Moreover, the correlation between battery systems and marine electrification is provided with the United Nation (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and which SDGs they are effective and aligned. Finally, the updated challenges and future research directions are presented for a forward-looking perspective on the marine electrification sector and its transition to a net-zero industry.