High Efficiency Microwave Amplifiers and SiC Varactors Optimized for Dynamic Load Modulation
Doktorsavhandling, 2013
The increasing use of mobile networks as the main source of internet connectivity is creating challenges in the infrastructure. Customer demand is a moving target and continuous hardware developments are necessary to supply higher data rates in an environmentally sustainable and cost effective way. This thesis reviews and advances the status of realizing wideband and high efficiency power amplifiers, which will facilitate improvements in network capacity and energy efficiency.
Several demonstrator PAs are proposed, analyzed, designed, and characterized: First, resistive loading at higher harmonics in wideband power amplifier design suitable for envelope tracking (ET) is proposed. A 40 dBm decade bandwidth 0.4–4.1 GHz PA is designed, with 10–15 dB gain and 40–62% drain efficiency. Its versatility is demonstrated by digital pre-distortion (DPD) linearized measurements resulting in adjacent channel leakage ratios (ACLR) lower than −46 dBc for various downlink signals (WCDMA, LTE, WiMAX).
Second, a theory for class-J microwave frequency dynamic load modulation (DLM) PAs is derived. This connects transistor technology and load network requirements to enable power-scalable and bandwidth conscious designs. A 38 dBm PA is designed at 2.08 GHz, maintaining efficiencies >45% over 8 dB of output power back-off (OPBO) dynamic range. From this pre-study a fully packaged 86-W peak power version at 2.14 GHz is designed. ACLR after DPD is −46 dBc at a drain efficiency of 34%.
For DLM PAs there is a need for varactors with large effective tuning range and high breakdown voltage. For this purpose, SiC Schottky diode varactors are developed with an effective tuning range of 6:1 and supporting a 3:1 tuning ratio at 36 V of RF swing. Nonlinear characterization to enable Q-factor extraction in the presence of distortion is proposed and demonstrated by multi-harmonic active source- and load-pull, offering insights to tunable network design.
Third, a method to evaluate and optimize dual-RF input PAs, while catering to higher harmonic conditions and transistor parasitics, is proposed. The method is validated by a PA design having a peak power of 44 +/- 0.9 dBm and 6 dB OPBO PAE exceeding 45% over a 1–3 GHz bandwidth.
The results in this thesis contribute with a novel device and analysis of high efficiency and wideband PAs, aiding in the design of key components for future energy efficient and high capacity wireless systems.
nonlinear measurements
power amplifiers
load modulation
GaN
SiC
varactors
HEMT
wide bandgap technology
energy efficiency
Kollektorn, MC2, Kemivägen 9, Chalmers University of Technology
Opponent: L. C. N. de Vreede
Författare
Christer Andersson
GigaHertz Centrum
Chalmers, Mikroteknologi och nanovetenskap (MC2), Mikrovågselektronik
Linearization Study of a Highly Efficient CMOS-GaN RF Pulse Width Modulation Based Transmitter
European Microwave Conference,; (2012)p. 136-139
Paper i proceeding
High efficiency RF pulse width modulation with tunable load network class-E PA
2011 IEEE 12th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference, WAMICON 2011,; (2011)
Paper i proceeding
High-Efficiency RF Pulsewidth Modulation of Class-E Power Amplifiers
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,; Vol. 59(2011)p. 2931-2942
Artikel i övriga tidskrifter
Nonlinear Characterization of Varactors for Tunable Networks by Active Source-Pull and Load-Pull
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,; Vol. 59(2011)p. 1753-1760
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
Theory and Design of Class-J Power Amplifiers With Dynamic Load Modulation
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,; Vol. 60(2012)p. 3778-3786
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
A double stub impedance tuner with SiC diode varactors
Asia Pacific Microwave Conference APMC 2011; Melbourne, VIC; 5 - 8 December 2011,; (2011)p. 267-270
Paper i proceeding
Design and characterization of SiC varactor-based phase shifters
7th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference, EuMIC 2012 - Held as Part of 15th European Microwave Week, EuMW 2012; Amsterdam; Netherlands; 29 October 2012 through 30 October 2012,; (2012)p. 897-900
Paper i proceeding
Decade bandwidth high efficiency GaN HEMT power amplifier designed with resistive harmonic loading
IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest,; (2012)
Paper i proceeding
A SiC Varactor With Large Effective Tuning Range for Microwave Power Applications
IEEE Electron Device Letters,; Vol. 32(2011)p. 788-790
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
A Modified Doherty Power Amplifier With Extended Bandwidth and Reconfigurable Efficiency
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,; Vol. 61(2013)p. 533-542
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
A novel wideband and reconfigurable high average efficiency power amplifier
IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest,; (2012)
Paper i proceeding
Epitaxial and Layout Optimization of SiC Microwave Power Varactors
Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, APMC (APMC 2011 ;Melbourne, VIC; 5 - 8 December 2011),; (2011)p. 1642-1645
Paper i proceeding
Det ökande användandet av mobila nätverk för internetuppkoppling skapar utmaningar i infrastrukturen. Användarkraven ökar och kontinuerliga hårdvaruförbättringar krävs för att tillgodose högre hastigheter på ett hållbart och kostnadseffektivt sätt. Denna avhandling behandlar och avancerar designen av bredbandiga och energieffektiva effektförstärkare för att förbättra kapacitet och energieffektivitet i mobila nätverk.
Flera demonstratorer föreslås, analyseras, designas och karaktäriseras:
1) Resistiv lastning på högre harmoner i bredbandiga förstärkare avsedda för envelop tracking.
2) Förstärkare i klass-J med dynamisk lastmodulering som använder specialutvecklade Schottkydioder i SiC med låga förluster och hög effektiv utstyrning.
3) En metod för att utvärdera och optimera förstärkare med två RF-ingångar, med hänsyn till högre harmoner och transistorparasiter.
Resultaten i denna avhandling bidrar med en unik halvledarkomponent samt analys av högeffektiva bredbandiga förstärkare för design av nyckelkomponenter i framtidens energieffektiva trådlösa system med hög kapacitet.
The increasing use of mobile networks as the main source of internet connectivity is creating challenges in the infrastructure. Customer demand is a moving target and continuous hardware developments are necessary to supply higher data rates in an environmentally sustainable and cost effective way. This thesis reviews and advances the status of realizing wideband and high efficiency power amplifiers, which will facilitate improvements in network capacity and energy efficiency.
Several demonstrator PAs are proposed, analyzed, designed, and characterized:
1) Resistive loading at higher harmonics in wideband power amplifier design suitable for envelope tracking.
2) Class-J microwave frequency dynamic load modulation amplifiers using specially developed SiC Schottky diode varactors with low loss and large effective tuning range.
3) Evaluation and optimization of dual-RF input PAs, while catering to higher harmonic conditions and transistor parasitics, is proposed.
The results in this thesis contribute with a novel device and analysis of high efficiency and wideband PAs, aiding in the design of key components for future energy efficient and high capacity wireless systems.
Styrkeområden
Informations- och kommunikationsteknik
Drivkrafter
Hållbar utveckling
Ämneskategorier
Telekommunikation
Kommunikationssystem
Elektroteknik och elektronik
Infrastruktur
C3SE (Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering)
Nanotekniklaboratoriet
ISBN
978-91-7385-830-4
Technical report MC2 - Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology: 243
Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. Ny serie: 3511
Kollektorn, MC2, Kemivägen 9, Chalmers University of Technology
Opponent: L. C. N. de Vreede