Polarimetric Properties of Event Horizon Telescope Targets from ALMA
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2021
We present the results from a full polarization study carried out with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) during the first Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) campaign, which was conducted in 2017 April in the lambda 3 mm and lambda 1.3 mm bands, in concert with the Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) and the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), respectively. We determine the polarization and Faraday properties of all VLBI targets, including Sgr A*, M87, and a dozen radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs), in the two bands at several epochs in a time window of 10 days. We detect high linear polarization fractions (2%-15%) and large rotation measures (RM > 10(3.3)-10(5.5) rad m(-2)), confirming the trends of previous AGN studies at millimeter wavelengths. We find that blazars are more strongly polarized than other AGNs in the sample, while exhibiting (on average) order-of-magnitude lower RM values, consistent with the AGN viewing angle unification scheme. For Sgr A* we report a mean RM of (-4.2 0.3) x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 1.3 mm, consistent with measurements over the past decade and, for the first time, an RM of (-2.1 0.1) x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 3 mm, suggesting that about half of the Faraday rotation at 1.3 mm may occur between the 3 mm photosphere and the 1.3 mm source. We also report the first unambiguous measurement of RM toward the M87 nucleus at millimeter wavelengths, which undergoes significant changes in magnitude and sign reversals on a one year timescale, spanning the range from -1.2 to 0.3 x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 3 mm and -4.1 to 1.5 x 10(5) rad m(-2) at 1.3 mm. Given this time variability, we argue that, unlike the case of Sgr A*, the RM in M87 does not provide an accurate estimate of the mass accretion rate onto the black hole. We put forward a two-component model, comprised of a variable compact region and a static extended region, that can simultaneously explain the polarimetric properties observed by both the EHT (on horizon scales) and ALMA (which observes the combined emission from both components). These measurements provide critical constraints for the calibration, analysis, and interpretation of simultaneously obtained VLBI data with the EHT and GMVA.
Interferometry
Blazars
Polarimetry
Radio jets
Active galactic nuclei
Relativistic jets
Long baseline interferometry
Supermassive black holes
Radio galaxies
Galactic center
Magnetic fields
Quasars
Författare
Ciriaco Goddi
Radboud Universiteit
Universiteit Leiden
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Universitat de Valencia
Hugo Messias
Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA)
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
Avery E. Broderick
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
Daniel P. Marrone
University of Arizona
Monika Moscibrodzka
Radboud Universiteit
Hiroshi Nagai
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Juan Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Geoffrey B. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Jose L. Gomez
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
Universiteit Leiden
Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA)
Michael Janssen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Matthias Kadler
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Thomas P. Krichbaum
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Rocco Lico
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Lynn D. Matthews
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Antonios Nathanail
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Angelo Ricarte
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Eduardo Ros
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ziri Younsi
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
University College London (UCL)
Kazunori Akiyama
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Antxon Alberdi
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Richard Anantua
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Flatiron Institute
Rebecca Azulay
Universitat de Valencia
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislay Balokovic
Yale University
Yale Ctr Astron & Astrophys, 52 Hillhouse Ave
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Wilfred Boland
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA)
Katherine L. Bouman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Harvard University
Hope Boyce
McGill University
Michael Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Christiaan D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Dominique Broguiere
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Do-Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
John E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
Andrew Chael
Princeton University
ESO FINCA
Chi-kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Shami Chatterjee
Cornell University
Koushik Chatterjee
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Ming-Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Paul M. Chesler
Harvard University
Ilje Cho
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Jordy Davelaar
Columbia University
Radboud Universiteit
Flatiron Institute
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Roger Deane
Universiteit van Pretoria
Rhodes University
University of Witwatersrand
Jessica Dempsey
East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes
Université Paris Descartes
Sheperd S. Doeleman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Ralph P. Eatough
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Heino Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph Farah
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Massachusetts Boston
Vincent L. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Google Inc.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Per Friberg
East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm
Harvard University
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Antonio Fuentes
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
Roman Gold
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Syddansk Universitet
Gomez-Ruiz
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Mark Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kazuhiro Hada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ronald Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
Academia Sinica
Mareki Honma
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
University of Tokyo
Chih-Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun
Radboud Universiteit
David J. James
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Britton Jeter
University of Waterloo
Wu Jiang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud Universiteit
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Svetlana Jorstad
Boston University
Saint Petersburg State University - Spsu
Taehyun Jung
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
Garrett K. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jae-Young Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
University of Arizona
Motoki Kino
Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Yutaro Kofuji
University of Tokyo
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Academia Sinica
Michael Kramer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Carsten Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Academia Sinica
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Sang-Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Yan-Rong Li
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Jun Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kuo Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Wen-Ping Lo
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan University
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Laurent Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ru-Sen Lu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicholas R. MacDonald
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Sera Markoff
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Alan P. Marscher
Boston University
Satoki Matsushita
Academia Sinica
Lia Medeiros
University of Arizona
Institute for Advanced Study
Karl M. Menten
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Izumi Mizuno
East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
James M. Moran
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Kotaro Moriyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Cornelia Muller
Radboud Universiteit
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Gibwa Musoke
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Radboud Universiteit
Alejandro Mus Mejias
Universitat de Valencia
Neil M. Nagar
Universidad de Concepción
Masanori Nakamura
National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College
Academia Sinica
Ramesh Narayan
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Gopal Narayanan
University of Massachusetts
Iniyan Natarajan
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
Rhodes University
University of Witwatersrand
Joey Neilsen
Villanova University
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chunchong Ni
University of Waterloo
Aristeidis Noutsos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Hiroki Okino
University of Tokyo
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Hector Olivares
Radboud Universiteit
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Ozel
University of Arizona
Daniel C. M. Palumbo
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Jongho Park
Academia Sinica
Nimesh Patel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ue-Li Pen
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
University of Toronto
Dominic W. Pesce
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Vincent Pietu
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard Plambeck
University of California at Berkeley
Aleksandar PopStefanija
University of Massachusetts
Oliver Porth
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Felix M. Poetzl
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dimitrios Psaltis
University of Arizona
Hung-Yi Pu
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
National Taiwan Normal University
Academia Sinica
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Universidad de Concepción
Ramprasad Rao
Academia Sinica
Mark G. Rawlings
East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Luciano Rezzolla
Inst Theoret Phys
Trinity College Dublin
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Bart Ripperda
Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
Freek Roelofs
Radboud Universiteit
Alan Rogers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Mel Rose
University of Arizona
Arash Roshanineshat
University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Alan L. Roy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Chet Ruszczyk
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazi L. J. Rygl
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Salvador Sanchez
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
David Sanchez-Arguelles
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Mahito Sasada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Hiroshima University
Tuomas Savolainen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Aalto-Yliopisto
F. Peter Schloerb
University of Massachusetts
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Beijing University of Technology
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Zhiqiang Shen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Yonsei University
Jason SooHoo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
East Asian Observatory
Paul Tiede
University of Waterloo
Remo P. J. Tilanus
University of Arizona
East Asian Observatory
Universiteit Leiden
Radboud Universiteit
Michael Titus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kenji Toma
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
Tohoku University
Pablo Torne
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
Efthalia Traianou
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Sascha Trippe
Tohoku University
Ilse van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Seoul National University
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud Universiteit
Jan Wagner
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Derek Ward-Thompson
Universiteit Leiden
John Wardle
University of Central Lancashire
Jonathan Weintroub
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Norbert Wex
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Robert Wharton
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Maciek Wielgus
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
George N. Wong
University of Illinois
Qingwen Wu
Brandeis University
Feng Yuan
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Doosoo Yoon
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Andre Young
Radboud Universiteit
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ye-Fei Yuan
Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. Anton Zensus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Guang-Yao Zhao
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Shan-Shan Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Gabriele Bruni
University of Science and Technology of China
A. Gopakumar
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Antonio Hernandez-Gomez
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ruben Herrero-Illana
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Adam Ingram
European Southern Observatory (ESO)
S. Komossa
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Y. Y. Kovalev
Russian Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
University of Oxford
Dirk Muders
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Manel Perucho
Universitat de Valencia
Florian Rosch
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Mauri Valtonen
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 910 1 L14Ämneskategorier
Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Miljövetenskap
Infrastruktur
Onsala rymdobservatorium
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/abee6a