The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022

The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5-61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of similar to 3 degrees-5 degrees. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (similar to 90 degrees-180 degrees) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u-v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas.

Författare

Kaushik Satapathy

University of Arizona

Dimitrios Psaltis

University of Arizona

Feryal Ozel

University of Arizona

Lia Medeiros

Institute for Advanced Study

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Sean T. Dougall

University of Arizona

Chi-Kwan Chan

University of Arizona

Maciek Wielgus

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Ben S. Prather

University of Illinois

George N. Wong

University of Illinois

Charles F. Gammie

University of Illinois

Kazunori Akiyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Harvard University

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Antxon Alberdi

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Walter Alef

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Juan Carlos Algaba

University of Malaya

Richard Anantua

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Keiichi Asada

Academia Sinica

Rebecca Azulay

Universitat de Valencia

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Anne-Kathrin Baczko

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

David Ball

University of Arizona

Mislay Balokovic

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

John Barrett

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Bradford A. Benson

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

University of Chicago

Dan Bintley

East Asian Observatory

Lindy Blackburn

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Raymond Blundell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Wilfred Boland

Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA)

Katherine L. Bouman

Harvard University

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Geoffrey C. Bower

Academia Sinica

Hope Boyce

McGill University

Michael Bremer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Christiaan D. Brinkerink

Radboud Universiteit

Roger Brissenden

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Silke Britzen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Avery E. Broderick

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Dominique Broguiere

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Thomas Bronzwaer

Radboud Universiteit

Sandra Bustamente

University of Massachusetts

Do-Young Byun

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

John E. Carlstrom

University of Chicago

Andrew Chael

Princeton University

University of Science and Technology of China

Koushik Chatterjee

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Shami Chatterjee

Cornell University

Ming-Tang Chen

Academia Sinica

Yongjun Chen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ilje Cho

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Pierre Christian

Fairfield University

John Conway

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

James M. Cordes

Cornell University

Thomas M. Crawford

University of Chicago

Geoffrey B. Crew

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Alejandro Cruz-Osorio

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Yuzhu Cui

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Jordy Davelaar

Columbia University

Radboud Universiteit

Flatiron Institute

Mariafelicia De Laurentis

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

Roger Deane

University of Witwatersrand

Rhodes University

Universiteit van Pretoria

Jessica Dempsey

East Asian Observatory

Gregory Desvignes

Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres

Jason Dexter

University of Colorado at Boulder

Sheperd S. Doeleman

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Ralph P. Eatough

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Heino Falcke

Radboud Universiteit

Joseph Farah

University of Massachusetts Boston

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Vincent L. Fish

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ed Fomalont

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

H. Alyson Ford

University of Arizona

Raquel Fraga-Encinas

Radboud Universiteit

Per Friberg

East Asian Observatory

Christian M. Fromm

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Antonio Fuentes

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Peter Galison

Harvard University

Roberto Garcia

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Olivier Gentaz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Boris Georgiev

University of Waterloo

Ciriaco Goddi

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Radboud Universiteit

Roman Gold

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Syddansk Universitet

Gomez-Ruiz

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Jose L. Gomez

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Minfeng Gu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Mark Gurwell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Kazuhiro Hada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Daryl Haggard

McGill University

Michael H. Hecht

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ronald Hesper

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Paul Ho

Academia Sinica

Mareki Honma

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Tokyo

Chih-Wei L. Huang

Academia Sinica

Lei Huang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

David H. Hughes

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Shiro Ikeda

University of Tokyo

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Institute of Statistical Mathematics

Makoto Inoue

Academia Sinica

Sara Issaoun

Radboud Universiteit

David J. James

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Buell T. Jannuzi

University of Arizona

Michael Janssen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Britton Jeter

University of Waterloo

Wu Jiang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales

Radboud Universiteit

Michael D. Johnson

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Svetlana Jorstad

Boston University

Saint Petersburg State University - Spsu

Taehyun Jung

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Mansour Karami

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Ramesh Karuppusamy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Tomohisa Kawashima

University of Tokyo

Garrett K. Keating

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Mark Kettenis

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Dong-Jin Kim

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jae-Young Kim

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jongsoo Kim

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Junhan Kim

University of Arizona

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Motoki Kino

Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Jun Yi Koay

Academia Sinica

Yutaro Kofuji

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Tokyo

Patrick M. Koch

Academia Sinica

Shoko Koyama

Academia Sinica

Niigata University

Carsten Kramer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Michael Kramer

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Thomas P. Krichbaum

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Cheng-Yu Kuo

Academia Sinica

National Sun Yat-Sen University

Tod R. Lauer

National Optical Astronomy Observatory

Sang-Sung Lee

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Aviad Levis

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Yan-Rong Li

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhiyuan Li

Nanjing University

Michael Lindqvist

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

Rocco Lico

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Greg Lindahl

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Jun Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kuo Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Elisabetta Liuzzo

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Wen-Ping Lo

National Taiwan University

Academia Sinica

Andrei P. Lobanov

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Laurent Loinard

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Colin Lonsdale

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ru-Sen Lu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Nicholas R. MacDonald

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jirong Mao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nicola Marchili

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Sera Markoff

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Daniel P. Marrone

University of Arizona

Alan P. Marscher

Boston University

Ivan Marti-Vidal

Universitat de Valencia

Satoki Matsushita

Academia Sinica

Lynn D. Matthews

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Karl M. Menten

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Izumi Mizuno

East Asian Observatory

Yosuke Mizuno

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Chinese Academy of Sciences

James M. Moran

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Kotaro Moriyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Monika Moscibrodzka

Radboud Universiteit

Cornelia Mueller

Radboud Universiteit

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Alejandro Mus Mejias

Universitat de Valencia

Gibwa Musoke

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Radboud Universiteit

Hiroshi Nagai

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Neil M. Nagar

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Masanori Nakamura

Academia Sinica

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Ramesh Narayan

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Gopal Narayanan

University of Massachusetts

Iniyan Natarajan

University of Witwatersrand

Universidad de Concepción

Rhodes University

Antonios Nathanail

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Joey Neilsen

National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College

Roberto Neri

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chunchong Ni

University of Waterloo

Aristeidis Noutsos

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Michael A. Nowak

South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)

Hiroki Okino

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Tokyo

Hector Olivares

Radboud Universiteit

Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Tomoaki Oyama

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Daniel C. M. Palumbo

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Jongho Park

Academia Sinica

Nimesh Patel

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ue-Li Pen

Villanova University

University of Toronto

Washington University in St. Louis

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Dominic W. Pesce

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Vincent Pietu

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Richard Plambeck

University of Toronto

Aleksandar PopStefanija

University of Massachusetts

Oliver Porth

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Felix M. Potzl

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Hung-Yi Pu

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Academia Sinica

Venkatessh Ramakrishnan

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Ramprasad Rao

Academia Sinica

Mark G. Rawlings

East Asian Observatory

Alexander W. Raymond

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Luciano Rezzolla

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

University of California at Berkeley

National Taiwan Normal University

Bart Ripperda

Flatiron Institute

Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies

Freek Roelofs

Radboud Universiteit

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Alan Rogers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Eduardo Ros

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Mel Rose

University of Arizona

Arash Roshanineshat

University of Arizona

Helge Rottmann

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Alan L. Roy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Chet Ruszczyk

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kazi L. J. Rygl

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Salvador Sanchez

Trinity College Dublin

David Sanchez-Arguelles

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Princeton University

Mahito Sasada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Tuomas Savolainen

Hiroshima University

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

F. Peter Schloerb

University of Massachusetts

Karl-Friedrich Schuster

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Lijing Shao

Beijing University of Technology

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Zhiqiang Shen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Des Small

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Bong Won Sohn

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Aalto-Yliopisto

Jason SooHoo

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

He Sun

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Fumie Tazaki

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Alexandra J. Tetarenko

East Asian Observatory

Paul Tiede

University of Waterloo

Remo P. J. Tilanus

Yonsei University

University of Arizona

Radboud Universiteit

Aalto-Yliopisto

Michael Titus

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kenji Toma

Universiteit Leiden

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)

Pablo Torne

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Trinity College Dublin

Efthalia Traianou

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Tyler Trent

University of Arizona

Sascha Trippe

Tohoku University

Ilse van Bemmel

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Huib Jan van Langevelde

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Tohoku University

Daniel R. van Rossum

Radboud Universiteit

Jan Wagner

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Derek Ward-Thompson

Seoul National University

John Wardle

Universiteit Leiden

Jonathan Weintroub

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Norbert Wex

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Robert Wharton

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kaj Wiik

University of Central Lancashire

Qingwen Wu

Brandeis University

Doosoo Yoon

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Andre Young

Radboud Universiteit

Ken Young

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ziri Younsi

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Turun Yliopisto

Feng Yuan

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ye-Fei Yuan

University College London (UCL)

J. Anton Zensus

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Guang-Yao Zhao

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Shan-Shan Zhao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Astrophysical Journal

0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)

Vol. 925 1 13

Ämneskategorier

Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning

Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi

Den kondenserade materiens fysik

DOI

10.3847/1538-4357/ac332e

Mer information

Senast uppdaterat

2023-09-15