First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022
We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5-11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of similar to 50 mu as, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*'s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.
Författare
Kazunori Akiyama
Harvard University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Antxon Alberdi
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Juan Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Texas at San Antonio
Harvard University
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay
Universitat de Valencia
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Uwe Bach
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislav Balokovic
Yale University
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Michi Baubock
University of Illinois
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Katherine L. Bouman
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
University of Hawaii
Hope Boyce
McGill University
Michael Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Christiaan D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Avery E. Broderick
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dominique Broguiere
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Sandra Bustamante
University of Massachusetts
Do-Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
John E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
Chiara Ceccobello
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
Andrew Chael
Princeton University
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Chi-kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Koushik Chatterjee
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Shami Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming-Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiaopeng Cheng
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ilje Cho
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy
University of Illinois
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Jordy Davelaar
Columbia University
Flatiron Institute
Radboud Universiteit
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Roger Deane
University of Witwatersrand
Universiteit van Pretoria
Rhodes University
Jessica Dempsey
East Asian Observatory
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Gregory Desvignes
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Université Paris Descartes
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
Vedant Dhruv
University of Illinois
Sheperd S. Doeleman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Sean Dougal
University of Arizona
Sergio A. Dzib
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Ralph P. Eatough
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Razieh Emami
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Heino Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph Farah
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
University of California at Santa Barbara
Vincent L. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Google Inc.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Per Friberg
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Christian M. Fromm
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Antonio Fuentes
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Ciriaco Goddi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Roman Gold
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Syddansk Universitet
Gomez-Ruiz
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Jose L. Gomez
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Mark Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kazuhiro Hada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Kari Haworth
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ronald Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Dirk Heumann
University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
Academia Sinica
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Mareki Honma
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
University of Tokyo
Chih-Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
University of Tokyo
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
Universiteit Leiden
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
David J. James
ASTRAVEO
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Britton Jeter
Academia Sinica
Wu Jiang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud Universiteit
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Svetlana Jorstad
Boston University
Joshi
University of Illinois
Taehyun Jung
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Mansour Karami
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
Garrett K. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jae-Young Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Kyungpook National University
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
University of Arizona
Motoki Kino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Prashant Kocherlakota
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yutaro Kofuji
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Academia Sinica
Niigata University
Carsten Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Michael Kramer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Thomas P. Krichbaum
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Academia Sinica
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Noemi La Bella
Radboud Universiteit
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Daeyoung Lee
University of Illinois
Sang-Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Po Kin Leung
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Rocco Lico
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
Mikhail Lisakov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jun Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kuo Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Wen-Ping Lo
National Taiwan University
Academia Sinica
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Laurent Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin J. Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ru-Sen Lu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Sera Markoff
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Daniel P. Marrone
University of Arizona
Alan P. Marscher
Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Universitat de Valencia
Satoki Matsushita
Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Lia Medeiros
University of Arizona
Institute for Advanced Study
Karl M. Menten
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Daniel Michalik
European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)
University of Chicago
Izumi Mizuno
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Yosuke Mizuno
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
James M. Moran
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kotaro Moriyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Monika Moscibrodzka
Radboud Universiteit
Cornelia Muller
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Radboud Universiteit
Alejandro Mus
Universitat de Valencia
Gibwa Musoke
Radboud Universiteit
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Ioannis Myserlis
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Andrew Nadolski
University of Illinois
Hiroshi Nagai
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Neil M. Nagar
Universidad de Concepción
Masanori Nakamura
National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College
Academia Sinica
Ramesh Narayan
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Gopal Narayanan
University of Massachusetts
Iniyan Natarajan
University of Witwatersrand
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
Antonios Nathanail
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Santiago Navarro Fuentes
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Joseph Neilsen
Villanova University
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chunchong Ni
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Aristeidis Noutsos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Junghwan Oh
Sejong University
Hiroki Okino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Hector Olivares
Radboud Universiteit
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daniel C. M. Palumbo
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Georgios Filippos Paraschos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jongho Park
Academia Sinica
Harriet Parsons
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Nimesh Patel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ue-Li Pen
University of Toronto
Academia Sinica
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Dominic W. Pesce
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Vincent Pietu
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard Plambeck
University of California at Berkeley
Aleksandar PopStefanija
University of Massachusetts
Oliver Porth
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Felix M. Potzl
University College Cork
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Hung-Yi Pu
National Taiwan Normal University
Academia Sinica
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Turun Yliopisto
Universidad de Concepción
Aalto-Yliopisto
Ramprasad Rao
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark G. Rawlings
Gemini Observatory North
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Luciano Rezzolla
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Trinity College Dublin
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Angelo Ricarte
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Bart Ripperda
Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
Freek Roelofs
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Radboud Universiteit
Harvard University
Alan Rogers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Eduardo Ros
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Cristina Romero-Canizales
Academia Sinica
Arash Roshanineshat
University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Alan L. Roy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ignacio Ruiz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chet Ruszczyk
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazi L. J. Rygl
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Salvador Sanchez
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
David Sanchez-Arguelles
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Miguel Sanchez-Portal
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Mahito Sasada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Hiroshima University
Kaushik Satapathy
University of Arizona
Tuomas Savolainen
Aalto-Yliopisto
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
F. Peter Schloerb
University of Massachusetts
Jonathan Schonfeld
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Beijing University of Technology
Zhiqiang Shen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Yonsei University
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Jason SooHoo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kamal Souccar
University of Massachusetts
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Texas Tech University at Lubbock
Paul Tiede
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Remo P. J. Tilanus
University of Arizona
Universiteit Leiden
Radboud Universiteit
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
Michael Titus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Pablo Torne
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Efthalia Traianou
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
Sascha Trippe
Seoul National University
Matthew Turk
University of Illinois
Ilse van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Universiteit Leiden
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
University of New Mexico
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud Universiteit
Jesse Vos
Radboud Universiteit
Jan Wagner
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Derek Ward-Thompson
University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Brandeis University
Jonathan Weintroub
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Norbert Wex
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Robert Wharton
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Maciek Wielgus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kaj Wiik
Turun Yliopisto
Gunther Witzel
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael F. Wondrak
Radboud Universiteit
George N. Wong
Institute for Advanced Study
Princeton University
Qingwen Wu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Paul Yamaguchi
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Doosoo Yoon
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Andre Young
Radboud Universiteit
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ziri Younsi
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
University College London (UCL)
Feng Yuan
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ye-Fei Yuan
University of Science and Technology of China
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
J. Anton Zensus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Shuo Zhang
Bard College
Guang-Yao Zhao
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Shan-Shan Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Claudio Agurto
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Juan Pablo Araneda
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Oriel Arriagada
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Alessandra Bertarini
Universität Bonn
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ryan Berthold
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Jay Blanchard
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Ken Brown
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Mauricio Cardenas
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Michael Cantzler
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Patricio Caro
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Tim C. Chuter
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Miroslaw Ciechanowicz
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Iain M. Coulson
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Joseph Crowley
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Nathalie Degenaar
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Sven Dornbusch
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Carlos A. Duran
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Karl Forster
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Gertie Geertsema
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute
Edouard Gonzalez
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Dave Graham
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Frederic Gueth
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chih-Chiang Han
Academia Sinica
Cristian Herrera
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Ruben Herrero-Illana
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Stefan Heyminck
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
James Hoge
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Yau-De Huang
Academia Sinica
Homin Jiang
Academia Sinica
David John
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Klein
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Derek Kubo
Academia Sinica
John Kuroda
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Caleb Kwon
Villanova University
Robert Laing
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Square Kilometre Array, UK
Ching-Tang Liu
Academia Sinica
Kuan-Yu Liu
Academia Sinica
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Felipe Mac-Auliffe
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Pierre Martin-Cocher
Academia Sinica
Callie Matulonis
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Hugo Messias
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA)
Zheng Meyer-Zhao
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
Francisco Montenegro-Montes
European Southern Observatory Santiago
William Montgomerie
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Dirk Muders
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Hiroaki Nishioka
Academia Sinica
Timothy J. Norton
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Rodrigo Olivares
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Juan Pablo Perez-Beaupuits
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Rodrigo Parra
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Michael Poirier
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Nicolas Pradel
Academia Sinica
Philippe A. Raffin
Academia Sinica
Jorge Ramirez
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Mark Reynolds
University of Michigan
Alejandro F. Saez-Madain
Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA)
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Jorge Santana
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Kevin M. Silva
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Don Sousa
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
William Stahm
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Karl Torstensson
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Paulina Venegas
European Southern Observatory Santiago
Craig Walther
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Gundolf Wieching
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Rudy Wijnands
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Jan G. A. Wouterloot
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 930 2 L13Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)
Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering
Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6675