First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022

We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5-11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of similar to 50 mu as, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*'s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.

Författare

Kazunori Akiyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Harvard University

Antxon Alberdi

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Walter Alef

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Juan Carlos Algaba

University of Malaya

Richard Anantua

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

University of Texas at San Antonio

Harvard University

Keiichi Asada

Academia Sinica

Rebecca Azulay

Universitat de Valencia

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Uwe Bach

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Anne-Kathrin Baczko

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

David Ball

University of Arizona

Mislav Balokovic

Yale University

John Barrett

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Michi Baubock

University of Illinois

Bradford A. Benson

University of Chicago

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Dan Bintley

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Lindy Blackburn

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Raymond Blundell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Katherine L. Bouman

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Geoffrey C. Bower

University of Hawaii

Academia Sinica

Hope Boyce

McGill University

Michael Bremer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Christiaan D. Brinkerink

Radboud Universiteit

Roger Brissenden

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Silke Britzen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Avery E. Broderick

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Dominique Broguiere

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Thomas Bronzwaer

Radboud Universiteit

Sandra Bustamante

University of Massachusetts

Do-Young Byun

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

John E. Carlstrom

University of Chicago

Chiara Ceccobello

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik

Andrew Chael

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Princeton University

Chi-kwan Chan

University of Arizona

Koushik Chatterjee

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Shami Chatterjee

Cornell University

Ming-Tang Chen

Academia Sinica

Yongjun Chen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Xiaopeng Cheng

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Ilje Cho

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Pierre Christian

Fairfield University

Nicholas S. Conroy

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

University of Illinois

John Conway

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

James M. Cordes

Cornell University

Thomas M. Crawford

University of Chicago

Geoffrey B. Crew

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Alejandro Cruz-Osorio

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Yuzhu Cui

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Jordy Davelaar

Flatiron Institute

Radboud Universiteit

Columbia University

Mariafelicia De Laurentis

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Roger Deane

Rhodes University

University of Witwatersrand

Universiteit van Pretoria

Jessica Dempsey

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Gregory Desvignes

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Université Paris Descartes

Jason Dexter

University of Colorado at Boulder

Vedant Dhruv

University of Illinois

Sheperd S. Doeleman

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Sean Dougal

University of Arizona

Sergio A. Dzib

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Ralph P. Eatough

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Razieh Emami

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Heino Falcke

Radboud Universiteit

Joseph Farah

Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network

University of California at Santa Barbara

Vincent L. Fish

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ed Fomalont

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

H. Alyson Ford

University of Arizona

Raquel Fraga-Encinas

Radboud Universiteit

William T. Freeman

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Google Inc.

Per Friberg

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Christian M. Fromm

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg

Antonio Fuentes

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Peter Galison

Harvard University

Charles F. Gammie

University of Illinois

Roberto Garcia

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Olivier Gentaz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Boris Georgiev

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Ciriaco Goddi

Universita degli Studi di Cagliari

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Roman Gold

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Syddansk Universitet

Gomez-Ruiz

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico

Jose L. Gomez

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Minfeng Gu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Mark Gurwell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Kazuhiro Hada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Daryl Haggard

McGill University

Kari Haworth

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael H. Hecht

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ronald Hesper

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Dirk Heumann

University of Arizona

Luis C. Ho

Beijing University of Technology

Paul Ho

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Academia Sinica

Mareki Honma

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Tokyo

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Chih-Wei L. Huang

Academia Sinica

Lei Huang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

David H. Hughes

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Shiro Ikeda

The Institute of Statistical Mathematics

University of Tokyo

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

C. M. Violette Impellizzeri

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Universiteit Leiden

Makoto Inoue

Academia Sinica

Sara Issaoun

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

David J. James

ASTRAVEO

Buell T. Jannuzi

University of Arizona

Michael Janssen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Britton Jeter

Academia Sinica

Wu Jiang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales

Radboud Universiteit

Michael D. Johnson

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Svetlana Jorstad

Boston University

Joshi

University of Illinois

Taehyun Jung

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Mansour Karami

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Waterloo

Ramesh Karuppusamy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Tomohisa Kawashima

University of Tokyo

Garrett K. Keating

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Mark Kettenis

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Dong-Jin Kim

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jae-Young Kim

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Kyungpook National University

Jongsoo Kim

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Junhan Kim

University of Arizona

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Motoki Kino

Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Jun Yi Koay

Academia Sinica

Prashant Kocherlakota

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Yutaro Kofuji

University of Tokyo

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Patrick M. Koch

Academia Sinica

Shoko Koyama

Academia Sinica

Niigata University

Carsten Kramer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Michael Kramer

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Thomas P. Krichbaum

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Cheng-Yu Kuo

Academia Sinica

National Sun Yat-Sen University

Noemi La Bella

Radboud Universiteit

Tod R. Lauer

National Optical Astronomy Observatory

Daeyoung Lee

University of Illinois

Sang-Sung Lee

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Po Kin Leung

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Aviad Levis

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Zhiyuan Li

Nanjing University

Rocco Lico

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Greg Lindahl

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael Lindqvist

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

Mikhail Lisakov

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jun Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kuo Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Elisabetta Liuzzo

Italian ALMA Regional Centre

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Wen-Ping Lo

Academia Sinica

National Taiwan University

Andrei P. Lobanov

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Laurent Loinard

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Colin J. Lonsdale

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ru-Sen Lu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jirong Mao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nicola Marchili

Italian ALMA Regional Centre

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Sera Markoff

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Daniel P. Marrone

University of Arizona

Alan P. Marscher

Boston University

Ivan Marti-Vidal

Universitat de Valencia

Satoki Matsushita

Academia Sinica

Lynn D. Matthews

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Lia Medeiros

University of Arizona

Institute for Advanced Study

Karl M. Menten

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Daniel Michalik

University of Chicago

Europeiska rymdorganisationen (ESA)

Izumi Mizuno

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Yosuke Mizuno

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

James M. Moran

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Kotaro Moriyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Monika Moscibrodzka

Radboud Universiteit

Cornelia Muller

Radboud Universiteit

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Alejandro Mus

Universitat de Valencia

Gibwa Musoke

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Radboud Universiteit

Ioannis Myserlis

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Andrew Nadolski

University of Illinois

Hiroshi Nagai

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Neil M. Nagar

Universidad de Concepción

Masanori Nakamura

Academia Sinica

National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College

Ramesh Narayan

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Gopal Narayanan

University of Massachusetts

Iniyan Natarajan

South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)

University of Witwatersrand

Antonios Nathanail

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Santiago Navarro Fuentes

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Joseph Neilsen

Villanova University

Roberto Neri

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chunchong Ni

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Aristeidis Noutsos

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Michael A. Nowak

Washington University in St. Louis

Junghwan Oh

Sejong University

Hiroki Okino

University of Tokyo

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Hector Olivares

Radboud Universiteit

Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Tomoaki Oyama

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Daniel C. M. Palumbo

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Georgios Filippos Paraschos

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jongho Park

Academia Sinica

Harriet Parsons

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Nimesh Patel

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ue-Li Pen

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Toronto

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Academia Sinica

Dominic W. Pesce

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Vincent Pietu

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Richard Plambeck

University of California at Berkeley

Aleksandar PopStefanija

University of Massachusetts

Oliver Porth

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Felix M. Potzl

University College Cork

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Ben Prather

University of Illinois

Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Hung-Yi Pu

Academia Sinica

National Taiwan Normal University

Venkatessh Ramakrishnan

Aalto-Yliopisto

Universidad de Concepción

Turun Yliopisto

Ramprasad Rao

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Mark G. Rawlings

East Asian Observatory

Gemini Observatory North

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Alexander W. Raymond

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Luciano Rezzolla

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Trinity College Dublin

Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies

Angelo Ricarte

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Bart Ripperda

Flatiron Institute

Princeton University

Freek Roelofs

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Radboud Universiteit

Harvard University

Alan Rogers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Eduardo Ros

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Cristina Romero-Canizales

Academia Sinica

Arash Roshanineshat

University of Arizona

Helge Rottmann

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Alan L. Roy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Ignacio Ruiz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chet Ruszczyk

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kazi L. J. Rygl

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Italian ALMA Regional Centre

Salvador Sanchez

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

David Sanchez-Arguelles

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico

Miguel Sanchez-Portal

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Mahito Sasada

Tokyo Institute of Technology

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Hiroshima University

Kaushik Satapathy

University of Arizona

Tuomas Savolainen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Aalto-Yliopisto

F. Peter Schloerb

University of Massachusetts

Jonathan Schonfeld

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Karl-Friedrich Schuster

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Lijing Shao

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Beijing University of Technology

Zhiqiang Shen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Des Small

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Bong Won Sohn

East Asian Observatory

Yonsei University

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Jason SooHoo

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kamal Souccar

University of Massachusetts

He Sun

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Fumie Tazaki

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Alexandra J. Tetarenko

Texas Tech University at Lubbock

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Paul Tiede

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Remo P. J. Tilanus

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)

University of Arizona

Radboud Universiteit

Universiteit Leiden

Michael Titus

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Pablo Torne

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Efthalia Traianou

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Tyler Trent

University of Arizona

Sascha Trippe

Seoul National University

Matthew Turk

University of Illinois

Ilse van Bemmel

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Huib Jan van Langevelde

Universiteit Leiden

University of New Mexico

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Daniel R. van Rossum

Radboud Universiteit

Jesse Vos

Radboud Universiteit

Jan Wagner

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Derek Ward-Thompson

University of Central Lancashire

John Wardle

Brandeis University

Jonathan Weintroub

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Norbert Wex

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Robert Wharton

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Maciek Wielgus

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kaj Wiik

Turun Yliopisto

Gunther Witzel

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Michael F. Wondrak

Radboud Universiteit

George N. Wong

Institute for Advanced Study

Princeton University

Qingwen Wu

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Paul Yamaguchi

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Doosoo Yoon

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Andre Young

Radboud Universiteit

Ken Young

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ziri Younsi

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

University College London (UCL)

Feng Yuan

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ye-Fei Yuan

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

University of Science and Technology of China

J. Anton Zensus

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Shuo Zhang

Bard College

Guang-Yao Zhao

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Shan-Shan Zhao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Claudio Agurto

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Juan Pablo Araneda

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Oriel Arriagada

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Alessandra Bertarini

Universität Bonn

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Ryan Berthold

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Jay Blanchard

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Ken Brown

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Mauricio Cardenas

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Michael Cantzler

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Patricio Caro

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Tim C. Chuter

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Miroslaw Ciechanowicz

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Iain M. Coulson

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Joseph Crowley

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Nathalie Degenaar

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Sven Dornbusch

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Carlos A. Duran

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Karl Forster

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Gertie Geertsema

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute

Edouard Gonzalez

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Dave Graham

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Frederic Gueth

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chih-Chiang Han

Academia Sinica

Cristian Herrera

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Ruben Herrero-Illana

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Stefan Heyminck

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

James Hoge

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Yau-De Huang

Academia Sinica

Homin Jiang

Academia Sinica

David John

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Thomas Klein

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Derek Kubo

Academia Sinica

John Kuroda

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Caleb Kwon

Villanova University

Robert Laing

Square Kilometre Array, UK

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Ching-Tang Liu

Academia Sinica

Kuan-Yu Liu

Academia Sinica

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Felipe Mac-Auliffe

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Pierre Martin-Cocher

Academia Sinica

Callie Matulonis

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Hugo Messias

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA)

Zheng Meyer-Zhao

Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Francisco Montenegro-Montes

European Southern Observatory Santiago

William Montgomerie

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Dirk Muders

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Hiroaki Nishioka

Academia Sinica

Timothy J. Norton

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Rodrigo Olivares

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Juan Pablo Perez-Beaupuits

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile

Rodrigo Parra

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Michael Poirier

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Nicolas Pradel

Academia Sinica

Philippe A. Raffin

Academia Sinica

Jorge Ramirez

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Mark Reynolds

University of Michigan

Alejandro F. Saez-Madain

Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA)

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Jorge Santana

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Kevin M. Silva

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Don Sousa

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

William Stahm

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Karl Torstensson

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Paulina Venegas

European Southern Observatory Santiago

Craig Walther

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Gundolf Wieching

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Rudy Wijnands

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Jan G. A. Wouterloot

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Astrophysical Journal Letters

2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)

Vol. 930 2 L13

Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)

Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering

Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning

Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi

DOI

10.3847/2041-8213/ac6675

Mer information

Senast uppdaterat

2025-04-23