First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. Testing the Black Hole Metric
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022
Astrophysical black holes are expected to be described by the Kerr metric. This is the only stationary, vacuum, axisymmetric metric, without electromagnetic charge, that satisfies Einstein's equations and does not have pathologies outside of the event horizon. We present new constraints on potential deviations from the Kerr prediction based on 2017 EHT observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). We calibrate the relationship between the geometrically defined black hole shadow and the observed size of the ring-like images using a library that includes both Kerr and non-Kerr simulations. We use the exquisite prior constraints on the mass-to-distance ratio for Sgr A* to show that the observed image size is within similar to 10% of the Kerr predictions. We use these bounds to constrain metrics that are parametrically different from Kerr, as well as the charges of several known spacetimes. To consider alternatives to the presence of an event horizon, we explore the possibility that Sgr A* is a compact object with a surface that either absorbs and thermally reemits incident radiation or partially reflects it. Using the observed image size and the broadband spectrum of Sgr A*, we conclude that a thermal surface can be ruled out and a fully reflective one is unlikely. We compare our results to the broader landscape of gravitational tests. Together with the bounds found for stellar-mass black holes and the M87 black hole, our observations provide further support that the external spacetimes of all black holes are described by the Kerr metric, independent of their mass.
Författare
Kazunori Akiyama
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Harvard University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Antxon Alberdi
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Juan Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Texas at San Antonio
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay
Universitat de Valencia
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Uwe Bach
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislav Balokovic
Yale University
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Michi Baubock
University of Illinois
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Katherine L. Bouman
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
University of Hawaii
Hope Boyce
McGill University
Michael Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Christiaan D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Avery E. Broderick
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dominique Broguiere
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Sandra Bustamante
University of Massachusetts
Do-Young Byun
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
John E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
Chiara Ceccobello
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
Andrew Chael
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Princeton University
Chi-kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Koushik Chatterjee
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Shami Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming-Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiaopeng Cheng
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ilje Cho
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Illinois
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Jordy Davelaar
Columbia University
Radboud Universiteit
Flatiron Institute
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Roger Deane
Universiteit van Pretoria
University of Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
Jessica Dempsey
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Université Paris Descartes
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
Vedant Dhruv
University of Illinois
Sheperd S. Doeleman
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Sean Dougal
University of Arizona
Sergio A. Dzib
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Ralph P. Eatough
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Razieh Emami
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Heino Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph Farah
University of California at Santa Barbara
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
Vincent L. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Google Inc.
Per Friberg
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Antonio Fuentes
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Ciriaco Goddi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Roman Gold
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Syddansk Universitet
Gomez-Ruiz
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Jose L. Gomez
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Mark Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kazuhiro Hada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Kari Haworth
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ronald Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Dirk Heumann
University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Academia Sinica
Mareki Honma
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Chih-Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
Universiteit Leiden
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
David J. James
ASTRAVEO
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Britton Jeter
Academia Sinica
Wu Jiang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud Universiteit
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Svetlana Jorstad
Boston University
Joshi
University of Illinois
Taehyun Jung
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
Garrett K. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jae-Young Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kyungpook National University
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
University of Arizona
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Motoki Kino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Prashant Kocherlakota
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yutaro Kofuji
University of Tokyo
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Niigata University
Academia Sinica
Carsten Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Michael Kramer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Thomas P. Krichbaum
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Academia Sinica
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Noemi La Bella
Radboud Universiteit
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
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University of Illinois
Sang-Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Po Kin Leung
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Rocco Lico
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
Mikhail Lisakov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jun Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kuo Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
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Wen-Ping Lo
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan University
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Laurent Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin J. Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ru-Sen Lu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Sera Markoff
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Daniel P. Marrone
University of Arizona
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Boston University
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Universitat de Valencia
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Academia Sinica
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Lia Medeiros
Institute for Advanced Study
University of Arizona
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Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
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European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)
University of Chicago
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East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
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Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
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Radboud Universiteit
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Radboud Universiteit
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Universitat de Valencia
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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University of Illinois
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
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Universidad de Concepción
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Academia Sinica
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Harvard University
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University of Massachusetts
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South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
University of Witwatersrand
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Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Santiago Navarro Fuentes
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Joseph Neilsen
Villanova University
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chunchong Ni
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Aristeidis Noutsos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Junghwan Oh
Sejong University
Hiroki Okino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Hector Olivares
Radboud Universiteit
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Ozel
University of Arizona
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Academia Sinica
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East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Academia Sinica
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University of Toronto
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard Plambeck
University of California at Berkeley
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University of Massachusetts
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Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
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University College Cork
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
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University of Arizona
Hung-Yi Pu
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan Normal University
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Universidad de Concepción
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark G. Rawlings
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
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Trinity College Dublin
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
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Princeton University
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Academia Sinica
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University of Arizona
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Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Miguel Sanchez-Portal
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Mahito Sasada
Tokyo Institute of Technology
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Hiroshima University
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University of Arizona
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Aalto-Yliopisto
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
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University of Massachusetts
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Beijing University of Technology
Zhiqiang Shen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Yonsei University
East Asian Observatory
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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University of Massachusetts
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Texas Tech University at Lubbock
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Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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University of Arizona
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Universiteit Leiden
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Efthalia Traianou
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
Sascha Trippe
Seoul National University
Matthew Turk
University of Illinois
Ilse van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Universiteit Leiden
University of New Mexico
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud Universiteit
Jesse Vos
Radboud Universiteit
Jan Wagner
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Derek Ward-Thompson
University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Brandeis University
Jonathan Weintroub
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Norbert Wex
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Robert Wharton
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Maciek Wielgus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kaj Wiik
Turun Yliopisto
Gunther Witzel
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael F. Wondrak
Radboud Universiteit
George N. Wong
Institute for Advanced Study
Princeton University
Qingwen Wu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Paul Yamaguchi
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Doosoo Yoon
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Andre Young
Radboud Universiteit
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ziri Younsi
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
University College London (UCL)
Feng Yuan
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ye-Fei Yuan
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
University of Science and Technology of China
J. Anton Zensus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Shuo Zhang
Bard College
Guang-Yao Zhao
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Shan-Shan Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 930 2 L17Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Annan fysik
Radiologi och bildbehandling
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6756