First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of λ = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μas (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass ∼4 × 106 M☉, which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50°), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 103-105 gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.
Författare
Kazunori Akiyama
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Harvard University
Antxon Alberdi
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Juan-Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
Harvard University
The University of Texas at San Antonio
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
R. Azulay
Universitat de Valencia
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
K. Asada
Academia Sinica
U. Bach
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. K. Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislav Baloković
Yale University
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
M. Bauböck
University of Illinois
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
R. Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
K. L. Bouman
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
G. C. Bower
University of Hawaii
Academia Sinica
Hope Boyce
McGill University
M. Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
C. D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Avery E. Broderick
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
D. Broguière
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Sandra Bustamante
University of Massachusetts
Do Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
J. E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
The Enrico Fermi Institute
Chiara Ceccobello
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
A. Chael
Princeton University
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Chi Kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Koushik Chatterjee
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
S. Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiaopeng Cheng
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
I. Cho
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Illinois
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
G. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Jordy Davelaar
Radboud Universiteit
Columbia University
Flatiron Institute
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
R. P. Deane
Universiteit van Pretoria
University of Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
Jessica Dempsey
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
Gregory Desvignes
Observatoire de Paris
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
Vedant Dhruv
University of Illinois
S. Doeleman
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Sean Dougal
University of Arizona
Sergio A. Dzib
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Ralph P. Eatough
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Razieh Emami
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
H.D. Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph R. Farah
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
University of California
V. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
E. Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
R. Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Google Inc.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
P. Friberg
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Antonio Fuentes
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
C. Goddi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
R. Gold
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Syddansk Universitet
Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
J. L. Gomez
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
K. Hada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Kari Haworth
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Dirk Heumann
University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
P. T. P. Ho
Academia Sinica
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
M. Honma
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Chih Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
University of Tokyo
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
C. M. V. Impellizzeri
Universiteit Leiden
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
S. Issaoun
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
David J. James
ASTRAVEO
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Britton Jeter
Academia Sinica
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 930 2 L12Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)
Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Datorseende och robotik (autonoma system)
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674