Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2023
Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.
Författare
Ben Prather
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Jason Dexter
JILA
M. Mościbrodzka
Radboud Universiteit
Hung-Yi Pu
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan Normal University
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Jordy Davelaar
Columbia University
Flatiron Institute
Radboud Universiteit
Ziri Younsi
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
University College London (UCL)
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
R. Gold
Syddansk Universitet
George N. Wong
Institute for Advanced Studies
Princeton University
Kazunori Akiyama
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Harvard University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Antxon Alberdi
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Juan-Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
The University of Texas at San Antonio
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
K. Asada
Academia Sinica
R. Azulay
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Universitat de Valencia
U. Bach
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. K. Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislav Baloković
Yale University
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
M. Bauböck
University of Illinois
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
K. L. Bouman
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
G. C. Bower
Academia Sinica
University of Hawaii
Hope Boyce
McGill University
M. Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
C. D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Avery E. Broderick
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
D. Broguière
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Sandra Bustamente
University of Massachusetts
Do Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
J. E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
The Enrico Fermi Institute
Chiara Ceccobello
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
A. Chael
Princeton University
Chi Kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Princeton University
Dominic O. Chang
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Koushik Chatterjee
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
S. Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming Tang Chen
Cornell University
Yongjun Chen
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. P. Cheng
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
I. Cho
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy
University of Illinois
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
G. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
Zhejiang Lab
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
R. P. Deane
Universiteit van Pretoria
University of Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
Jessica Dempsey
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
Gregory Desvignes
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Observatoire de Paris
Vedant Dhruv
University of Illinois
S. Doeleman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Sean Dougal
University of Arizona
Sergio A. Dzib
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Ralph P. Eatough
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Razieh Emami
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
H.D. Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph R. Farah
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
University of California
V. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
E. Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
R. Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Google Inc.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
P. Friberg
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Christian M. Fromm
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Antonio Fuentes
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
C. Goddi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP)
Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
J. L. Gomez
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Minfeng Gu
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
K. Hada
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Kari Haworth
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Dirk Heumann
University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
Academia Sinica
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Mareki Honma
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Chih Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
University of Tokyo
C. M. V. Impellizzeri
Universiteit Leiden
Georgia Institute of Technology
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Astrophysical Journal
0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)
Vol. 950 1 35Onsala rymdobservatorium infrastruktur
Vetenskapsrådet (VR) (2017-00648), 2018-01-01 -- 2021-12-31.
RadioNet 4
Europeiska kommissionen (EU) (EC/H2020/730562), 2017-01-01 -- 2020-12-31.
Ämneskategorier
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
DOI
10.3847/1538-4357/acc586