Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2023
Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.
Författare
Ben Prather
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Jason Dexter
JILA
M. Mościbrodzka
Radboud Universiteit
Hung-Yi Pu
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan Normal University
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Jordy Davelaar
Radboud Universiteit
Flatiron Institute
Columbia University
Ziri Younsi
University College London (UCL)
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
R. Gold
Syddansk Universitet
George N. Wong
Princeton University
Institute for Advanced Studies
Kazunori Akiyama
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Antxon Alberdi
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Juan-Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Texas
K. Asada
Academia Sinica
R. Azulay
Universitat de Valencia
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
U. Bach
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. K. Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislav Baloković
Yale University
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
M. Bauböck
University of Illinois
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
K. L. Bouman
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
G. C. Bower
Academia Sinica
University of Hawaii
Hope Boyce
McGill University
M. Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
C. D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Avery E. Broderick
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
D. Broguière
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Sandra Bustamente
University of Massachusetts
Do Young Byun
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
J. E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
Chiara Ceccobello
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
A. Chael
Princeton University
Chi Kwan Chan
Princeton University
University of Arizona
Dominic O. Chang
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Koushik Chatterjee
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
S. Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming Tang Chen
Cornell University
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. P. Cheng
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
I. Cho
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Illinois
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
G. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
Zhejiang Lab
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
R. P. Deane
University of Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
Universiteit van Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Observatoire de Paris
Vedant Dhruv
University of Illinois
S. Doeleman
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Sean Dougal
University of Arizona
Sergio A. Dzib
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ralph P. Eatough
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Razieh Emami
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
H.D. Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph R. Farah
University of California
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
V. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
E. Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
R. Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Google Inc.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
P. Friberg
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Christian M. Fromm
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Antonio Fuentes
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
C. Goddi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
J. L. Gomez
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
K. Hada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Kari Haworth
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Dirk Heumann
University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
Academia Sinica
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Mareki Honma
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
University of Tokyo
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Chih Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
C. M. V. Impellizzeri
Georgia Institute of Technology
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Universiteit Leiden
Astrophysical Journal
0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)
Vol. 950 1 35RadioNet 4
Europeiska kommissionen (EU) (EC/H2020/730562), 2017-01-01 -- 2020-12-31.
Onsala rymdobservatorium infrastruktur
Vetenskapsrådet (VR) (2017-00648), 2018-01-01 -- 2021-12-31.
Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
DOI
10.3847/1538-4357/acc586