Bi-level Optimization of Component Sizing and Energy Management in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Trucks

Paper i proceeding, 2023

Electric trucks powered by hydrogen fuel cells are a promising electrified transportation technology. To compensate for the relatively slow dynamics of fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries can be incorporated into the hydrogen power systems. This paper proposes a bi-level optimization framework for proper component sizing and energy management in fuel cell hybrid electric trucks. Based on the sizing variables at the upper level, the lower level utilizes convex programming to generate an optimal energy management solution and returns the solution to the upper level. Then, the upper level runs a particle swarm optimization process to determine the optimal sizes of the fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries to minimize the sum of the component costs and operating costs. By conducting a case study using a modified ACEA long-haul drive cycle, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework.