Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2025
Aims. We aim to refine the fundamental parameters of the TOI-2141 planetary system, which includes a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a Sun-like star on a relatively long orbit of 18.26 days, by combining new photometric and spectroscopic observations.
Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework.
Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 ± 0.04 R ⊕ and 20.1 ± 1.6 M ⊕ to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non-transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet’s high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data.
Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system’s history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least ~2.4°.
Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework.
Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 ± 0.04 R ⊕ and 20.1 ± 1.6 M ⊕ to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non-transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet’s high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data.
Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system’s history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least ~2.4°.
techniques: radial velocities
planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2141b
stars: solar-type
planets and satellites: detection
techniques: photometric
Författare
R. Luque
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
K. W.F. Lam
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
J. Cabrera
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
A. Bonfanti
Institut fur Weltraumforschung
Yoshi Eschen
The University of Warwick
G. Olofsson
Stockholms universitet
W. Benz
Physics Institute
Universität Bern
N. Billot
Université de Genève
A. Brandeker
Stockholms universitet
A. Correia
Universidade de Coimbra
L. Fossati
Institut fur Weltraumforschung
D. Gandolfi
Universita degli Studi di Torino
H. P. Osborn
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH)
Universität Bern
C. Pezzotti
Universite de Liège
S.G. Sousa
Universidade do Porto
T.G. Wilson
The University of Warwick
S. Wolf
Physics Institute
Y. Alibert
Universität Bern
Physics Institute
R. Alonso
Universidad de la Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
J. Asquier
Europeiska rymdorganisationen (ESA)
T. Bárczy
Admatis
D. Barrado
Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
S.C.C. Barros
Universidade do Porto
W. Baumjohann
Institut fur Weltraumforschung
F. Biondi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
L. Borsato
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
C. Broeg
Universität Bern
Physics Institute
A. Collier Cameron
University of St Andrews
Szilard Csizmadia
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
P. E. Cubillos
Institut fur Weltraumforschung
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Melvyn B. Davies
Lunds universitet
M. Deleuil
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
A. Deline
Université de Genève
O. Demangeon
Universidade do Porto
B.O. Demory
Universität Bern
Physics Institute
A. Derekas
Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)
Billy Edwards
Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON)
J. A. Egger
Physics Institute
D. Ehrenreich
Université de Genève
Anders Erikson
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
A. Fortier
Universität Bern
Physics Institute
Malcolm Fridlund
Universiteit Leiden
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
K. Gazeas
University of Athens
Michaël Gillon
Universite de Liège
M. Gudel
Universität Wien
Maximilian N. Günther
Europeiska rymdorganisationen (ESA)
A. Heitzmann
Université de Genève
Ch. Helling
Technische Universität Graz
Institut fur Weltraumforschung
K. Isaak
Europeiska rymdorganisationen (ESA)
Tatiana Keller
Universität Bern
Physics Institute
L. L. Kiss
Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia
Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)
Judith Korth
Université de Genève
J. Laskar
Observatoire de Paris
A. L. des Etangs
Institut d 'Astrophysique de Paris
A. Leleu
Physics Institute
Université de Genève
M. Lendl
Université de Genève
D. Magrin
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
G. Mantovan
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Università di Padova
P. Maxted
Keele University
Bruno Merín
Europeiska rymdorganisationen (ESA)
C. Mordasini
Physics Institute
Universität Bern
Valerio Nascimbeni
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
R. Ottensamer
Universität Wien
I. Pagano
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Enric Palle
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Universidad de la Laguna
G. Peter
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
D. Piazza
Universität Bern
Giampaolo P. Piotto
Università di Padova
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Don L. Pollacco
The University of Warwick
D. Queloz
University of Cambridge
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH)
Roberto Ragazzoni
Università di Padova
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
N. Rando
Europeiska rymdorganisationen (ESA)
H. Rauer
Freie Universität Berlin
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
I. Ribas
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
N. C. Santos
Universidade do Porto
Gaetano Scandariato
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
D. Segransan
Université de Genève
A.E. Simon
Physics Institute
Universität Bern
A. M.S. Smith
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
M. Stalport
Universite de Liège
S. Sulis
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
G.M. Szabó
Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)
S. Udry
Université de Genève
B. Ulmer
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
S. Ulmer-Moll
University of Cambridge
Universite de Liège
V. Van Grootel
Universite de Liège
J. Venturini
Université de Genève
E. Villaver
Universidad de la Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
N. A. Walton
University of Cambridge
D. Wolter
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
Astronomy and Astrophysics
0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)
Vol. 704 A174Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2025)
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202556515