Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2025
We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.
Författare
R. Abbasi
Loyola University of Chicago
M. Ackermann
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Adams
University of Canterbury
S. K. Agarwalla
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
J. A. Aguilar
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
M. Ahlers
Köpenhamns universitet
J. M. Alameddine
Technische Universität Dortmund
N. M. Amin
University of Delaware
K. Andeen
Marquette University
C. Arguelles
Harvard University
Y. Ashida
University of Utah
S. Athanasiadou
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. N. Axani
University of Delaware
R. Babu
Michigan State University
X. Bai
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
J. Baines-Holmes
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. V. Balagopal
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. W. Barwick
University of California
S. Bash
Technische Universität München
V. Basu
University of Utah
J. J. Beatty
Ohio State University
J. Becker Tjus
J. Beise
Uppsala universitet
C. Bellenghi
Technische Universität München
B. Benkel
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. BenZvi
University of Rochester
D. Berley
University of Maryland
E. Bernardini
Università di Padova
D. Z. Besson
University of Kansas
E. Blaufuss
University of Maryland
L. Bloom
University of Alabama
S. Blot
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
I. Bodo
University of Wisconsin Madison
F. Bontempo
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
J. Y. Book Motzkin
Harvard University
C. Boscolo Meneguolo
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Università di Padova
S. Boeser
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
O. Botner
Uppsala universitet
J. Boettcher
RWTH Aachen University
J. Braun
University of Wisconsin Madison
B. Brinson
Georgia Institute of Technology
Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis
Queen's University
R. T. Burley
University of Adelaide
D. Butterfield
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. A. Campana
Drexel University
K. Carloni
Harvard University
J. Carpio
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
S. Chattopadhyay
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
N. Chau
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Z. Chen
State University of New York (SUNY)
D. Chirkin
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Choi
University of Utah
B. A. Clark
University of Maryland
A. Coleman
Uppsala universitet
G. H. Collin
RWTH Aachen University
A. Connolly
Ohio State University
Technische Universität Dortmund
J. M. Conrad
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Corley
University of Utah
D. F. Cowen
Pennsylvania State University
C. De Clercq
Vrije Universiteit Brüssel (VUB)
J. J. DeLaunay
Pennsylvania State University
D. Delgado
Harvard University
T. Delmeulle
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
P. Desiati
University of Wisconsin Madison
K. D. de Vries
Vrije Universiteit Brüssel (VUB)
T. DeYoung
Michigan State University
J. C. Diaz-Velez
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. DiKerby
Michigan State University
M. Dittmer
Universität Münster
A. Domi
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
Academia Sinica
L. Draper
University of Utah
D. Durnford
University of Alberta
K. Dutta
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
M. A. DuVernois
University of Wisconsin Madison
T. Ehrhardt
Michigan State University
L. Eidenschink
Universität Münster
A. Eimer
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
P. Eller
University of Utah
E. Ellinger
RWTH Aachen University
D. Elsaesser
Technische Universität Dortmund
R. Engel
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
H. Erpenbeck
University of Wisconsin Madison
W. Esmail
Universität Münster
S. Eulig
Harvard University
J. Evans
University of Maryland
P. A. Evenson
University of Delaware
K. L. Fan
University of Maryland
K. Fang
University of Wisconsin Madison
K. Farrag
Chiba University
A. R. Fazely
Southern University and A&M College
A. Fedynitch
Academia Sinica
N. Feigl
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
C. Finley
Stockholms universitet
L. Fischer
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
D. Fox
Pennsylvania State University
A. Franckowiak
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
S. Fukami
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Gallagher
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Ganster
RWTH Aachen University
A. Garcia
Harvard University
M. Garcia
University of Delaware
G. Garg
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Genton
Harvard University
L. Gerhardt
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Ghadimi
University of Alabama
C. Glaser
Uppsala universitet
T. Gluesenkamp
Uppsala universitet
J. G. Gonzalez
University of Delaware
S. Goswami
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
A. Granados
Michigan State University
D. Grant
Simon Fraser University
S. J. Gray
University of Maryland
S. Griffin
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Griswold
University of Rochester
K. M. Groth
Köpenhamns universitet
D. Guevel
University of Wisconsin Madison
C. Guenther
RWTH Aachen University
P. Guetjahr
Technische Universität Dortmund
C. Ha
Chung-Ang University
C. Haack
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
A. Hallgren
Uppsala universitet
F. Halzen
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. Ha Minh
Technische Universität München
K. Hanson
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. Hardin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
A. A. Harnisch
Michigan State University
P. Hatch
Queen's University
A. Haungs
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
J. Haeussler
RWTH Aachen University
K. Helbing
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
J. Hellrung
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
L. Hennig
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
R. Hewett
University of Canterbury
N. Heyer
Uppsala universitet
S. Hickford
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
A. Hidvegi
Stockholms universitet
C. Hill
Chiba University
G. C. Hill
University of Adelaide
R. Hmaid
Chiba University
K. D. Hoffman
University of Maryland
D. Hooper
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Hori
University of Wisconsin Madison
K. Hoshina
University of Wisconsin Madison
University of Tokyo
M. Hostert
Harvard University
W. Hou
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
T. Huber
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
K. Hultqvist
Stockholms universitet
K. Hymon
Technische Universität Dortmund
A. Ishihara
Chiba University
W. Iwakiri
Chiba University
M. Jacquart
Köpenhamns universitet
S. Jain
University of Wisconsin Madison
O. Janik
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
M. Jeong
University of Utah
M. Jin
Harvard University
N. Kamp
Harvard University
D. Kang
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
X. Kang
Drexel University
A. Kappes
Universität Münster
L. Kardum
Technische Universität Dortmund
T. Karg
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Karl
Technische Universität München
A. Karle
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Katil
University of Alberta
M. Kauer
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. L. Kelley
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. Khanal
University of Utah
A. Khatee Zathul
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Kheirandish
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
H. Kimku
Chung-Ang University
J. Kiryluk
State University of New York (SUNY)
C. Klein
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
S. R. Klein
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Y. Kobayashi
Chiba University
A. Kochocki
Michigan State University
R. Koirala
University of Delaware
H. Kolanoski
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
T. Kontrimas
Technische Universität München
L. Koepke
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
C. Kopper
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
D. J. Koskinen
Köpenhamns universitet
P. Koundal
University of Delaware
M. Kowalski
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
T. Kozynets
Köpenhamns universitet
N. Krieger
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Krishnamoorthi
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
T. Krishnan
Harvard University
E. Krupczak
Michigan State University
A. Kumar
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
E. Kun
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
N. Kurahashi
Drexel University
N. Lad
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
C. Lagunas Gualda
Technische Universität München
L. Lallement Arnaud
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
M. J. Larson
University of Maryland
F. Lauber
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
K. Leonard DeHolton
Pennsylvania State University
A. Leszczynska
University of Delaware
J. Liao
Georgia Institute of Technology
Y. T. Liu
Pennsylvania State University
M. Liubarska
University of Alberta
C. Love
Drexel University
L. Lu
University of Wisconsin Madison
F. Lucarelli
Université de Genève
W. Luszczak
Ohio State University
Y. Lyu
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
University of California
J. Madsen
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Magnus
Vrije Universiteit Brüssel (VUB)
K. B. M. Mahn
Michigan State University
Y. Makino
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Manao
Technische Universität München
S. Mancina
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Università di Padova
A. Mand
University of Wisconsin Madison
I. C. Maris
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
S. Marka
Columbia University
I. Martinez-Soler
Harvard University
R. Maruyama
Yale University
F. Mayhew
Michigan State University
F. McNally
Mercer University
J. V. Mead
Köpenhamns universitet
K. Meagher
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Mechbal
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. Medina
Ohio State University
M. Meier
Chiba University
Y. Merckx
Vrije Universiteit Brüssel (VUB)
L. Merten
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
J. Mitchell
Southern University and A&M College
L. Molchany
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
T. Montaruli
Université de Genève
R. W. Moore
University of Alberta
Y. Morii
Chiba University
A. Mosbrugger
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
M. Moulai
University of Wisconsin Madison
D. Mousadi
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
T. Mukherjee
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
R. Naab
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Nakos
University of Wisconsin Madison
U. Naumann
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
J. Necker
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
L. Neste
Stockholms universitet
M. Neumann
Universität Münster
H. Niederhausen
Michigan State University
M. U. Nisa
Michigan State University
K. Noda
Chiba University
A. Noell
RWTH Aachen University
A. Novikov
University of Delaware
A. Obertacke Pollmann
Chiba University
V. O'Dell
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Olivas
University of Maryland
R. Orsoe
Technische Universität München
J. Osborn
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. O'Sullivan
Uppsala universitet
V. Palusova
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
H. Pandya
University of Delaware
A. Parenti
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
N. Park
Queen's University
V. Parrish
Michigan State University
E. N. Paudel
University of Alabama
L. Paul
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
C. Perez de los Heros
Uppsala universitet
T. Pernice
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Peterson
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. Plum
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
A. Ponten
Uppsala universitet
V. Poojyam
University of Alabama
Y. Popovych
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
M. Prado Rodriguez
University of Wisconsin Madison
B. Pries
Michigan State University
R. Procter-Murphy
University of Maryland
G. T. Przybylski
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
L. Pyras
University of Utah
C. Raab
Universite catholique de Louvain
J. Rack-Helleis
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
N. Rad
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Ravn
Uppsala universitet
K. Rawlins
University of Alaska Anchorage
Z. Rechav
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Rehman
University of Delaware
I. Reistroffer
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
E. Resconi
Technische Universität München
S. Reusch
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
C. D. Rho
Sungkyunkwan University
W. Rhode
Technische Universität Dortmund
B. Riedel
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Rifaie
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
E. J. Roberts
University of Adelaide
S. Robertson
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
M. Rongen
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
A. Rosted
Chiba University
C. Rott
University of Utah
T. Ruhe
Technische Universität Dortmund
L. Ruohan
Technische Universität München
D. Salazar-Gallegos
Michigan State University
P. Sampathkumar
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
A. Sandrock
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
G. Sanger-Johnson
Michigan State University
M. Santander
University of Alabama
S. Sarkar
University of Oxford
J. Savelberg
RWTH Aachen University
P. Schaile
Technische Universität München
H. Schieler
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
S. Schindler
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
L. Schlickmann
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
B. Schlueter
Universität Münster
F. Schlueter
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
N. Schmeisser
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
T. Schmidt
University of Maryland
F. G. Schroeder
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
University of Delaware
L. Schumacher
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
S. Sclafani
University of Maryland
D. Seckel
University of Delaware
L. Seen
University of Wisconsin Madison
M. Seikh
University of Kansas
S. Seunarine
University of Wisconsin
R. Shah
Drexel University
N. Shimizu
Chiba University
B. Skrzypek
University of California
R. Snihur
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. Soedingrekso
Technische Universität Dortmund
A. Sogaard
Köpenhamns universitet
D. Soldin
University of Utah
G. Sommani
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
C. Spannfellner
Technische Universität München
G. M. Spiczak
University of Wisconsin
C. Spiering
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Stachurska
Universiteit Gent
M. Stamatikos
Ohio State University
T. Stanev
University of Delaware
T. Stezelberger
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
T. Stuerwald
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
T. Stuttard
Köpenhamns universitet
G. W. Sullivan
University of Maryland
I. Taboada
Georgia Institute of Technology
S. Ter-Antonyan
Southern University and A&M College
A. Terliuk
Technische Universität München
A. Thakuri
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
M. Thiesmeyer
University of Wisconsin Madison
W. G. Thompson
Harvard University
J. Thwaites
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Tilav
University of Delaware
K. Tollefson
Michigan State University
S. Toscano
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
D. Tosi
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Trettin
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. K. Upadhyay
University of Wisconsin Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
K. Upshaw
Southern University and A&M College
A. Vaidyanathan
Marquette University
N. Valtonen-Mattila
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Uppsala universitet
J. Valverde
Marquette University
J. Vandenbroucke
University of Wisconsin Madison
T. Van Eeden
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
N. van Eijndhoven
Vrije Universiteit Brüssel (VUB)
J. van Santen
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Vara
Universität Münster
M. Venugopal
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
S. Vergara Carrasco
University of Canterbury
S. Verpoest
University of Delaware
D. Veske
Columbia University
A. Vijai
University of Maryland
J. Villarreal
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
C. Walck
Stockholms universitet
A. Wang
Georgia Institute of Technology
E. Warrick
University of Alabama
C. Weaver
Michigan State University
P. Weigel
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
A. Weindl
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
A. Y. Wen
Harvard University
C. Wendt
University of Wisconsin Madison
J. Werthebach
Technische Universität Dortmund
M. Weyrauch
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
N. Whitehorn
Michigan State University
C. H. Wiebusch
RWTH Aachen University
D. R. Williams
University of Alabama
L. Witthaus
Technische Universität Dortmund
M. Wolf
Technische Universität München
G. Wrede
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
X. W. Xu
Southern University and A&M College
J. P. Yanez
University of Alberta
Y. Yao
University of Wisconsin Madison
E. Yildizci
University of Wisconsin Madison
S. Yoshida
Chiba University
R. Young
University of Kansas
F. Yu
Harvard University
S. Yu
University of Utah
T. Yuan
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Zegarelli
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
S. Zhang
Michigan State University
Z. Zhang
State University of New York (SUNY)
P. Zhelnin
Harvard University
P. Zilberman
University of Wisconsin Madison
Physical Review D
2470-0010 (ISSN) 2470-0029 (eISSN)
Vol. 112 8 082004Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2025)
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Subatomär fysik
DOI
10.1103/lrjy-3hht