ALMA and VLA reveal the lukewarm chromospheres of the nearby red supergiants Antares and Betelgeuse
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2020

We first present spatially resolved ALMA and VLA continuum observations of the early-M red supergiant Antares to search for the presence of a chromosphere at radio wavelengths. We resolve the free-free emission of the Antares atmosphere at 11 unique wavelengths between 0.7 mm (ALMA band 8) and 10 cm (VLA S band). The projected angular diameter is found to continually increase with increasing wavelength, from a low of 50.7 mas at 0.7 mm up to a diameter of 431 mas at 10 cm, which corresponds to 1.35 and 11.6 times the photospheric angular diameter, respectively. All four ALMA measurements show that the shape of the atmosphere is elongated, with a flattening of 15% at a similar position angle. The disk-averaged gas temperature of the atmosphere initially rises from a value of 2700 K at 1.35 R∗ (i.e., 0.35 R∗ above the photosphere) to a peak value of 3800 K at ∼2.5 R∗, after which it then more gradually decreases to 1650 K at 11.6 R∗. The rise in gas temperature between 1.35 R∗ and ∼2.5 R∗ is evidence for a chromospheric temperature rise above the photosphere of a red supergiant. We detect a clear change in the spectral index across the sampled wavelength range, with the flux density Sν ν1.42 between 0.7 mm and 1.4 cm, which we associate with chromosphere-dominated emission, while the flux density Sν ν0.8 between 4.3 cm and 10 cm, which we associate with wind-dominated emission. We show that the Antares MOLsphere is transparent at our observed wavelengths, and the lukewarm chromosphere that we detect is therefore real and not just an average of the cool MOLsphere and hot ultraviolet emitting gas. We then perform nonlocal thermal equilibrium modeling of the far-ultraviolet radiation field of another early-M red supergiant, Betelgeuse, and find that an additional hot (i.e., > 7000 K) chromospheric photoionization component with a much smaller filling factor must also exist throughout the chromospheres of these stars.

Submillimeter: stars

Stars: atmospheres

Stars: massive

Radio continuum: stars

Stars: chromospheres

Stars: imaging

Författare

Eamon O Gorman

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

G. M. Harper

University of Colorado at Boulder

K. Ohnaka

Universidad Catolica del Norte

A. Feeney-Johansson

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

K. Wilkeneit-Braun

Universität Hamburg

A. Brown

University of Colorado at Boulder

E. F. Guinan

Villanova University

J. Lim

The University of Hong Kong

A.M.S. Richards

University of Manchester

N. Ryde

Lunds universitet

Wouter Vlemmings

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik

Astronomy and Astrophysics

0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)

Vol. 638 A65

Ämneskategorier

Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning

Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi

Atom- och molekylfysik och optik

DOI

10.1051/0004-6361/202037756

Mer information

Senast uppdaterat

2020-09-18