Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
Reviewartikel, 2021
In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
Accretion
Astrophysical black holes
Active galactic nuclei
High energy astrophysics
Radio cores
Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
Författare
Juan-Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Jadyn Anczarski
Villanova University
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Mislav Baloković
Yale University
S. Chandra
North-West University
Yuzhu Cui
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
A.D. Falcone
Pennsylvania State University
M. Giroletti
Istituto di Radioastronomia
C. Goddi
Radboud Universiteit
K. Hada
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
S.G. Jorstad
Boston University
A. Kaur
Pennsylvania State University
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
G. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Jae-Young Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
M. Kino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
S. Komossa
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E.V. Kravchenko
Istituto di Radioastronomia
T.P. Krichbaum
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Sang Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
R.S. Lu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Lucchini
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
S. Markoff
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Joseph Neilsen
Villanova University
M.A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Jongho Park
Academia Sinica
G. Principe
Istituto di Radioastronomia
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Universidad de Concepción
M.T. Reynolds
University of Michigan
Mahito Sasada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
S.S. Savchenko
Saint Petersburg State University - Spsu
K.E. Williamson
Boston University
Kazunori Akiyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Antxon Alberdi
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Richard Anantua
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
R. Azulay
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. K. Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
R. Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
W. Boland
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA)
K. L. Bouman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
Hope Boyce
McGill University
M. Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
C. D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Avery E. Broderick
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
D. Broguière
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Do Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
J. E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
A. Chael
Princeton University
Chi Kwan Chan
University of Arizona
S. Chatterjee
Cornell University
Koushik Chatterjee
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Ming Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Paul M. Chesler
Harvard University
I. Cho
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
G. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Jordy Davelaar
Radboud Universiteit
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
R. P. Deane
University of Witwatersrand
Jessica Dempsey
East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes
Observatoire de Paris
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
S. Doeleman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ralph P. Eatough
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Heino Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph R. Farah
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
V. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
R. Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
P. Friberg
East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Antonio Fuentes
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
R. Gold
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
J. L. Gomez
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Minfeng Gu
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
M. Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
P. Ho
Academia Sinica
M. Honma
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Chih Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
David H. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
S. Issaoun
Radboud Universiteit
David J. James
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Britton Jeter
University of Waterloo
Wu Jiang
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud Universiteit
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Taehyun Jung
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
R. Karuppusamy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. M. Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
University of Arizona
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Yutaro Kofuji
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Academia Sinica
M. Kramer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
C. Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Academia Sinica
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Yan Rong Li
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
R. Lico
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Jun Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kuo Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Istituto di Radioastronomia
Wen-Ping Lo
Academia Sinica
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
L. Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
N. R. Macdonald
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
D. P. Marrone
University of Arizona
A. Marscher
Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Universitat de Valencia
Satoki Matsushita
Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Lia Medeiros
University of Arizona
K. M. Menten
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Izumi Mizuno
East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
James M. Moran
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kotaro Moriyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
M. Mościbrodzka
Radboud Universiteit
C. Müller
Radboud Universiteit
Gibwa Musoke
Radboud Universiteit
Alejandro Mus Mejías
Universitat de Valencia
Hiroshi Nagai
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
N. M. Nagar
Universidad de Concepción
Masanori Nakamura
Academia Sinica
Ramesh Narayan
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Gopal Narayanan
University of Massachusetts
Iniyan Natarajan
University of Witwatersrand
Antonios Nathanail
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chunchong Ni
University of Waterloo
A. Noutsos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Hiroki Okino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Héctor Olivares
Radboud Universiteit
G.N. Ortiz-León
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Özel
University of Arizona
Daniel C.M. Palumbo
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Nimesh Patel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
U. L. Pen
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dominic W. Pesce
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Vincent Piétu
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard L. Plambeck
University of California
Aleksandar PopStefanija
University of Massachusetts
Oliver Porth
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Felix M. Pötzl
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-López
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dimitrios Psaltis
University of Arizona
Hung-Yi Pu
Academia Sinica
R. Rao
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
M.G. Rawlings
East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Luciano Rezzolla
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Angelo Ricarte
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Bart Ripperda
Flatiron Institute
F. Roelofs
Radboud Universiteit
Alan Rogers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Eduardo Ros
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Mel Rose
University of Arizona
Arash Roshanineshat
University of Arizona
H. Rottmann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. Roy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
C. Ruszczyk
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazi L.J. Rygl
Istituto di Radioastronomia
S. Sanchez
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
David Sánchez-Arguelles
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
T. Savolainen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
F. P. Schloerb
University of Massachusetts
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Zhi Qiang Shen
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
J. SooHoo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
East Asian Observatory
Paul Tiede
University of Waterloo
R. P. J. Tilanus
Radboud Universiteit
M. Titus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kenji Toma
Tohoku University
Pablo Torne
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
E. Traianou
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
S. Trippe
Seoul National University
I. van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
H. J. van Langevelde
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud Universiteit
Jan Wagner
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
D. Ward-Thompson
University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Brandeis University
J. Weintroub
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Norbert Wex
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Robert Wharton
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Wielgus
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
George N. Wong
University of Illinois
Qingwen Wu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Doosoo Yoon
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
A. Young
Radboud Universiteit
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ziri Younsi
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Feng Yuan
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Ye-Fei Yuan
University of Science and Technology of China
A.J. Zensus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
G. Y. Zhao
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)
Shan-Shan Zhao
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
G. Principe
Istituto di Radioastronomia
M. Giroletti
Istituto di Radioastronomia
F. D'Ammando
Istituto di Radioastronomia
M. Orienti
Istituto di Radioastronomia
H. Abdalla
North-West University
R. M. Adam
École polytechnique
F. Aharonian
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
F. Ait Benkhali
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E.O. Angüner
Aix-Marseille Université
C. Arcaro
North-West University
C. Armand
Université Grenoble Alpes
T. Armstrong
University of Oxford
H. Ashkar
Université Paris-Saclay
M. Backes
North-West University
V. Baghmanyan
Polish Academy of Sciences
V. Barbosa Martins
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. Barnacka
Uniwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie
M. Barnard
North-West University
Y. Becherini
Linnéuniversitetet
D. Berge
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. Bernlöhr
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
B. Bi
Universität Tübingen
M. Böttcher
North-West University
C. Boisson
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
J. Bolmont
Sorbonne Université
M. De Bony De Lavergne
Université Grenoble Alpes
M. Breuhaus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
F. Brun
Université Paris-Saclay
P. Brun
Université Paris-Saclay
M. Bryan
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
M. Büchele
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
T. Bulik
Uniwersytet Warszawski
T. Bylund
Linnéuniversitetet
S. Caroff
Sorbonne Université
A. Carosi
Université Grenoble Alpes
S. Casanova
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
T. Chand
North-West University
A. Chen
University of Witwatersrand
G. Cotter
University of Oxford
M. Curyło
Uniwersytet Warszawski
J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
I.D. Davids
University of Namibia
J. Davies
University of Oxford
Christoph Deil
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
J. Devin
Université de Bordeaux
P. Dewilt
University of Adelaide
L. Dirson
Universität Hamburg
A. Djannati-Ataï
Université Paris Descartes
A. Dmytriiev
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
A. Donath
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
V. Doroshenko
Universität Tübingen
C. Duffy
University Of Leicester
J. Dyks
Polish Academy of Sciences
K. Egberts
Universität Potsdam
F. Eichhorn
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
S. Einecke
University of Adelaide
G. Emery
Sorbonne Université
J.-P. Ernenwein
Aix-Marseille Université
K. Feijen
University of Adelaide
S. Fegan
École polytechnique
A. Fiasson
Université Grenoble Alpes
G. Fichet De Clairfontaine
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
G. Fontaine
École polytechnique
S. Funk
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
M. Füßling
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. Gabici
Université Paris Descartes
Y.A. Gallant
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
G. Giavitto
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
L. Giunti
Université Paris-Saclay
D. Glawion
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
J.F. Glicenstein
Université Paris-Saclay
D. Gottschall
Universität Tübingen
M.-H. Grondin
Université de Bordeaux
J. Hahn
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Haupt
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
G. Hermann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
J.A. Hinton
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
W. Hofmann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
C. Hoischen
Universität Potsdam
T.L. Holch
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
M. Holler
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
M. Hörbe
University of Oxford
D. Horns
Universität Hamburg
D. Huber
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
M. Jamrozy
Uniwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie
D. Jankowsky
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
F. Jankowsky
Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl
A. Jardin-Blicq
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
V. Joshi
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
I. Jung-Richardt
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
E. Kasai
University of Namibia
M.A. Kastendieck
Universität Hamburg
K. Katarzyński
Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika
U. Katz
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
D. Khangulyan
Rikkyo University
B. Khélifi
Université Paris Descartes
S. Klepser
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
W. Kluźniak
Polish Academy of Sciences
Nu. Komin
University of Witwatersrand
R. Konno
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. Kosack
Université Paris-Saclay
D. Kostunin
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Kreter
North-West University
G. Lamanna
Université Grenoble Alpes
A. Lemiere
Université Paris Descartes
M. Lemoine-Goumard
Université de Bordeaux
J.-P. Lenain
Sorbonne Université
C. Levy
Sorbonne Université
T. Lohse
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
I. Lypova
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Mackey
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
J. Majumdar
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
D. Malyshev
Universität Tübingen
D. Malyshev
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
V. Marandon
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
P. Marchegiani
University of Witwatersrand
A. Marcowith
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
A. Mares
Université de Bordeaux
G. Martí-Devesa
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
R. Marx
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
G. Maurin
Université Grenoble Alpes
P.J. Meintjes
University of the Free State
M. Meyer
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
R. Moderski
Polish Academy of Sciences
M. Mohamed
Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl
L. Mohrmann
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
A. Montanari
Université Paris-Saclay
C. Moore
University Of Leicester
P. Morris
University of Oxford
E. Moulin
Université Paris-Saclay
J. Muller
École polytechnique
T. Murach
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. Nakashima
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
A. Nayerhoda
Polish Academy of Sciences
M. De Naurois
École polytechnique
H. Ndiyavala
North-West University
F. Niederwanger
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
J. Niemiec
Polish Academy of Sciences
L. Oakes
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
P. O'Brien
University Of Leicester
H. Odaka
University of Tokyo
S. Ohm
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
L. Olivera-Nieto
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E. De Ona Wilhelmi
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Ostrowski
Uniwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie
M. Panter
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
S. Panny
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
R.D. Parsons
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
G. Peron
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
B. Peyaud
Université Paris-Saclay
Q. Piel
Université Grenoble Alpes
S. Pita
Université Paris Descartes
V. Poireau
Université Grenoble Alpes
A. Priyana Noel
Uniwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie
D.A. Prokhorov
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
H. Prokoph
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
G. Pühlhofer
Universität Tübingen
M. Punch
Linnéuniversitetet
A. Quirrenbach
Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl
R. Rauth
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
P. Reichherzer
Université Paris-Saclay
A. Reimer
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
O. Reimer
Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
Q. Remy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Renaud
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
F. Rieger
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
L. Rinchiuso
Université Paris-Saclay
C. Romoli
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
G. Rowell
University of Adelaide
B. Rudak
Polish Academy of Sciences
E. Ruiz-Velasco
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
V. Sahakian
Yerevan Physics Institute
S. Sailer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
D.A. Sanchez
Université Grenoble Alpes
A. Santangelo
Universität Tübingen
M. Sasaki
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
M. Scalici
Universität Tübingen
H.M. Schutte
North-West University
U. Schwanke
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
S. Schwemmer
Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl
M. Seglar-Arroyo
Université Paris-Saclay
M. Senniappan
Linnéuniversitetet
A.S. Seyffert
North-West University
N. Shafi
University of Witwatersrand
K. Shiningayamwe
University of Namibia
R. Simoni
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
A. Sinha
Université Paris Descartes
H. Sol
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
A. Specovius
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
S. Spencer
University of Oxford
M. Spir-Jacob
Université Paris Descartes
Ł. Stawarz
Uniwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie
L. Sun
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
R. Steenkamp
University of Namibia
C. Stegmann
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. Steinmassl
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
C. Steppa
Universität Potsdam
T. Takahashi
University of Tokyo
T. Tavernier
Université Paris-Saclay
A.M. Taylor
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
R. Terrier
Université Paris Descartes
D. Tiziani
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
M. Tluczykont
Universität Hamburg
L. Tomankova
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
C. Trichard
École polytechnique
M. Tsirou
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
R. Tuffs
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Y. Uchiyama
Rikkyo University
D.J. Van Der Walt
North-West University
C. Van Eldik
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
C. Van Rensburg
North-West University
B. Van Soelen
University of the Free State
G. Vasileiadis
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
J. Veh
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
C. Venter
North-West University
P. Vincent
Sorbonne Université
J. Vink
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
H.J. Völk
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
T. Vuillaume
Université Grenoble Alpes
Z. Wadiasingh
North-West University
S.J. Wagner
Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl
J. Watson
University of Oxford
F. Werner
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
R. White
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. Wierzcholska
Polish Academy of Sciences
Yu Wun Wong
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
A. Yusafzai
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
M. Zacharias
North-West University
R. Zanin
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
D. Zargaryan
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
A.A. Zdziarski
Polish Academy of Sciences
A. Zech
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
S.J. Zhu
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Zorn
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
S. Zouari
Université Paris Descartes
N. Żywucka
North-West University
V.A. Acciari
Universidad de la Laguna
S. Ansoldi
Università degli Studi di Udine
L.A. Antonelli
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. Arbet Engels
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH)
M. Artero
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
K. Asano
University of Tokyo
D. Baack
Technische Universität Dortmund
A. Babić
Sveučilište u Zagrebu
A. Baquero
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
U. Barres De Almeida
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas
J.A. Barrio
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
J. Becerra González
Universidad de la Laguna
W. Bednarek
Uniwersytet Lodzki
L. Bellizzi
Università degli Studi di Siena
E. Bernardini
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Bernardos
Università di Padova
A. Berti
Universita degli Studi di Torino
J. Besenrieder
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
W. Bhattacharyya
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
C. Bigongiari
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. Biland
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH)
O. Blanch
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
G. Bonnoli
Università degli Studi di Siena
Ž. Bošnjak
Sveučilište u Zagrebu
G. Busetto
Università di Padova
R. Carosi
Universita di Pisa
G. Ceribella
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Cerruti
Universitat de Barcelona
Y. Chai
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. Chilingarian
Yerevan Physics Institute
S. Cikota
Sveučilište u Zagrebu
S.M. Colak
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
E. Colombo
Universidad de la Laguna
J.L. Contreras
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
J. Cortina
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)
S. Covino
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
G. D'Amico
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
V. D'Elia
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
P. Da Vela
Universita di Pisa
F. Dazzi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. De Angelis
Università di Padova
B. De Lotto
Università degli Studi di Udine
M. Delfino
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
J. Delgado
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
C. Delgado Mendez
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)
D. Depaoli
Universita degli Studi di Torino
F. Di Pierro
Universita degli Studi di Torino
L. Di Venere
Politecnico di Bari
E. Do Souto Espineira
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
D. Dominis Prester
University of Rijeka
A. Donini
Università degli Studi di Udine
D. Dorner
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
M. Doro
Università di Padova
D. Elsaesser
Technische Universität Dortmund
V. Fallah Ramazani
Turun Yliopisto
A. Fattorini
Technische Universität Dortmund
G. Ferrara
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
M.V. Fonseca
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
L. Font
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
C. Fruck
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
S. Fukami
University of Tokyo
R. García López
Universidad de la Laguna
M. Garczarczyk
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. Gasparyan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
M. Gaug
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
N. Giglietto
Politecnico di Bari
F. Giordano
Politecnico di Bari
P. Gliwny
Uniwersytet Lodzki
N. Godinović
University of Split
J.G. Green
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
D. Green
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
D. Hadasch
University of Tokyo
A. Hahn
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
L. Heckmann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
J. Herrera
Universidad de la Laguna
J. Hoang
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
D. Hrupec
Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
M. Hütten
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
T. Inada
University of Tokyo
S. Inoue
RIKEN
K. Ishio
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Y. Iwamura
University of Tokyo
I. Jiménez
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)
J. Jormanainen
Turun Yliopisto
L. Jouvin
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
Y. Kajiwara
Kyoto University
M. Karjalainen
Universidad de la Laguna
D. Kerszberg
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
Y. Kobayashi
University of Tokyo
H. Kubo
Kyoto University
J. Kushida
Tokai University
A. Lamastra
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
D. Lelas
University of Split
F. Leone
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
E. Lindfors
Turun Yliopisto
S. Lombardi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
F. Longo
Università degli Studi di Udine
R. López-Coto
Università di Padova
M. López-Moya
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
A. López-Oramas
Universidad de la Laguna
S. Loporchio
Politecnico di Bari
B. Machado De Oliveira Fraga
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas
C. Maggio
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
P. Majumdar
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
M. Makariev
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
M. Mallamaci
Università di Padova
G. Maneva
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
M. Manganaro
University of Rijeka
K. Mannheim
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
L. Maraschi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
M. Mariotti
Università di Padova
M. Martínez
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
D. Mazin
University of Tokyo
S. Menchiari
Università degli Studi di Siena
S. Mender
Technische Universität Dortmund
S. Mićanović
University of Rijeka
D. Miceli
Università degli Studi di Udine
T. Miener
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
M. Minev
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
J.M. Miranda
Università degli Studi di Siena
R. Mirzoyan
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E. Molina
Universitat de Barcelona
A. Moralejo
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
D. Morcuende
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
V. Moreno
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
E. Moretti
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
V. Neustroev
Oulun Yliopisto
C. Nigro
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
K. Nilsson
Turun Yliopisto
K. Nishijima
Tokai University
K. Noda
University of Tokyo
S. Nozaki
Kyoto University
Y. Ohtani
University of Tokyo
T. Oka
Kyoto University
J. Otero-Santos
Universidad de la Laguna
S. Paiano
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
M. Palatiello
Università degli Studi di Udine
D. Paneque
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
R. Paoletti
Università degli Studi di Siena
J.M. Paredes
Universitat de Barcelona
L. Pavletić
University of Rijeka
P. Penil
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
C. Perennes
Università di Padova
M. Persic
Università degli Studi di Udine
P. G. Prada Moroni
Universita di Pisa
E. Prandini
Università di Padova
C. Priyadarshi
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
I. Puljak
University of Split
W. Rhode
Technische Universität Dortmund
M. Ribó
Universitat de Barcelona
J. Rico
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
C. Righi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. Rugliancich
Universita di Pisa
L. Saha
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
N. Sahakyan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
T. Saito
University of Tokyo
S. Sakurai
University of Tokyo
K. Satalecka
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
F.G. Saturni
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
B. Schleicher
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
K. Schmidt
Technische Universität Dortmund
T. Schweizer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
J. Sitarek
Uniwersytet Lodzki
I. Šnidarić
Ruder Boskovic Institute
D. Sobczynska
Uniwersytet Lodzki
A. Spolon
Università di Padova
A. Stamerra
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
D. Strom
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Strzys
University of Tokyo
Y. Suda
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
T. Surić
Ruder Boskovic Institute
M. Takahashi
University of Tokyo
F. Tavecchio
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
P. Temnikov
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
T. Terzić
University of Rijeka
M. Teshima
University of Tokyo
L. Tosti
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
S. Truzzi
Università degli Studi di Siena
A. Tutone
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
S. Ubach
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
J. Van Scherpenberg
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
G. Vanzo
Universidad de la Laguna
M. Vazquez Acosta
Universidad de la Laguna
S. Ventura
Università degli Studi di Siena
V. Verguilov
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
C.F. Vigorito
Universita degli Studi di Torino
V. Vitale
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
I. Vovk
University of Tokyo
M. Will
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
C. Wunderlich
Università degli Studi di Siena
D. Zarić
University of Split
C.B. Adams
Columbia University
W. Benbow
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
A. Brill
Columbia University
M. Capasso
Columbia University
J.L. Christiansen
California Polytechnic State University
A.J. Chromey
Iowa State University
M.K. Daniel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
M. Errando
Washington University in St. Louis
K.A. Farrell
University College Dublin
Q. Feng
Columbia University
J.P. Finley
Purdue University
L. Fortson
University of Minnesota
A. Furniss
The California State University
A. Gent
Georgia Institute of Technology
C. Giuri
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
T. Hassan
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
O. Hervet
University of California at Santa Cruz
J. Holder
University of Delaware
G. Hughes
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
T.B. Humensky
Columbia University
W. Jin
University of Alabama
P. Kaaret
University of Iowa
M. Kertzman
DePauw University
D. Kieda
University of Utah
S. Kumar
McGill University
M.J. Lang
National University of Ireland
M. Lundy
McGill University
G. Maier
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
P. Moriarty
National University of Ireland
R. Mukherjee
Columbia University
D. Nieto
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
M. Nievas-Rosillo
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. O'Brien
McGill University
R.A. Ong
University of California
A.N. Otte
Georgia Institute of Technology
S. Patel
University of Iowa
K. Pfrang
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Pohl
Universität Potsdam
R.R. Prado
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
E. Pueschel
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Quinn
University College Dublin
K. Ragan
McGill University
P.T. Reynolds
Cork Institute Of Technology
D. Ribeiro
Columbia University
G.T. Richards
University of Delaware
E. Roache
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
C. Rulten
University of Minnesota
J.L. Ryan
University of California
M. Santander
University of Alabama
G.H. Sembroski
Purdue University
R. Shang
University of California
A. Weinstein
Iowa State University
D.A. Williams
University of California at Santa Cruz
T.J. Williamson
University of Delaware
Tomoya Hirota
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Lang Cui
University of Utah
Kotaro Niinuma
Yamaguchi University
Hyunwook Ro
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Nobuyuki Sakai
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Satoko Sawada-Satoh
Yamaguchi University
Kiyoaki Wajima
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Na Wang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiang Liu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yoshinori Yonekura
Ibaraki University
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 911 1 L11Ämneskategorier
Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering
Subatomär fysik
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/abef71