Characterizing and Mitigating Intraday Variability: Reconstructing Source Structure in Accreting Black Holes with mm-VLBI
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022
The extraordinary physical resolution afforded by the Event Horizon Telescope has opened a window onto the astrophysical phenomena unfolding on horizon scales in two known black holes, M87* and Sgr A*. However, with this leap in resolution has come a new set of practical complications. Sgr A* exhibits intraday variability that violates the assumptions underlying Earth aperture synthesis, limiting traditional image reconstruction methods to short timescales and data sets with very sparse (u, v) coverage. We present a new set of tools to detect and mitigate this variability. We develop a data-driven, model-agnostic procedure to detect and characterize the spatial structure of intraday variability. This method is calibrated against a large set of mock data sets, producing an empirical estimator of the spatial power spectrum of the brightness fluctuations. We present a novel Bayesian noise modeling algorithm that simultaneously reconstructs an average image and statistical measure of the fluctuations about it using a parameterized form for the excess variance in the complex visibilities not otherwise explained by the statistical errors. These methods are validated using a variety of simulated data, including general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations appropriate for Sgr A* and M87*. We find that the reconstructed source structure and variability are robust to changes in the underlying image model. We apply these methods to the 2017 EHT observations of M87*, finding evidence for variability across the EHT observing campaign. The variability mitigation strategies presented are widely applicable to very long baseline interferometry observations of variable sources generally, for which they provide a data-informed averaging procedure and natural characterization of inter-epoch image consistency.
Författare
Avery E. Broderick
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Roman Gold
Syddansk Universitet
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dominic W. Pesce
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Paul Tiede
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Chunchong Ni
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Kotaro Moriyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazunori Akiyama
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Harvard University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Antxon Alberdi
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Juan Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
University of Texas at San Antonio
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Universitat de Valencia
Uwe Bach
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislav Balokovic
Yale University
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Michi Baubock
University of Illinois
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Katherine L. Bouman
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
University of Hawaii
Hope Boyce
McGill University
Michael Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Christiaan D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Dominique Broguiere
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Sandra Bustamante
University of Massachusetts
Do-Young Byun
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
John E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
Chiara Ceccobello
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
Andrew Chael
Princeton University
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program
Chi-kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Koushik Chatterjee
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Shami Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming-Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiaopeng Cheng
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ilje Cho
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy
University of Illinois
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Jordy Davelaar
Columbia University
Flatiron Institute
Radboud Universiteit
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Roger Deane
University of Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
Universiteit van Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes
Université Paris Descartes
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
Vedant Dhruv
University of Illinois
Sheperd S. Doeleman
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Sean Dougal
University of Arizona
Sergio A. Dzib
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Ralph P. Eatough
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Razieh Emami
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Heino Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph Farah
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
University of California at Santa Barbara
Vincent L. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Google Inc.
Per Friberg
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Christian M. Fromm
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Antonio Fuentes
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Ciriaco Goddi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Gomez-Ruiz
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Jose L. Gomez
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Mark Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kazuhiro Hada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Kari Haworth
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ronald Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Dirk Heumann
University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
Academia Sinica
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Mareki Honma
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Chih-Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
University of Tokyo
C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Universiteit Leiden
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
David J. James
ASTRAVEO
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Britton Jeter
Academia Sinica
Wu Jiang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud Universiteit
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Svetlana Jorstad
Boston University
Saint Petersburg State University - Spsu
Joshi
University of Illinois
Taehyun Jung
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
Garrett K. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jae-Young Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kyungpook National University
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
University of Arizona
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Motoki Kino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Prashant Kocherlakota
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yutaro Kofuji
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Academia Sinica
Niigata University
Carsten Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Michael Kramer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Thomas P. Krichbaum
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Cheng-Yu Kuo
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Academia Sinica
Noemi La Bella
Radboud Universiteit
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Daeyoung Lee
University of Illinois
Sang-Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Po Kin Leung
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Rocco Lico
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
Mikhail Lisakov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Russian Academy of Sciences
Jun Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kuo Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Wen-Ping Lo
National Taiwan University
Academia Sinica
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Laurent Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin J. Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ru-Sen Lu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
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Sera Markoff
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Daniel P. Marrone
University of Arizona
Alan P. Marscher
Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Universitat de Valencia
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Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Karl M. Menten
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Daniel Michalik
European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)
University of Chicago
Izumi Mizuno
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
James M. Moran
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Monika Moscibrodzka
Radboud Universiteit
Cornelia Muller
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Radboud Universiteit
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Universitat de Valencia
Gibwa Musoke
Radboud Universiteit
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Ioannis Myserlis
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Andrew Nadolski
University of Illinois
Hiroshi Nagai
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Neil M. Nagar
Universidad de Concepción
Masanori Nakamura
Academia Sinica
National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College
Ramesh Narayan
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Gopal Narayanan
University of Massachusetts
Iniyan Natarajan
University of Witwatersrand
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
Antonios Nathanail
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Santiago Navarro Fuentes
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Joey Neilsen
Villanova University
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Aristeidis Noutsos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Junghwan Oh
Sejong University
Hiroki Okino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Hector Olivares
Radboud Universiteit
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daniel C. M. Palumbo
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Georgios Filippos Paraschos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jongho Park
Academia Sinica
Harriet Parsons
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Nimesh Patel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ue-Li Pen
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Toronto
Academia Sinica
Vincent Pietu
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard Plambeck
University of California at Berkeley
Aleksandar PopStefanija
University of Massachusetts
Oliver Porth
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Felix M. Potzl
University College Cork
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Hung-Yi Pu
National Taiwan Normal University
Academia Sinica
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Universidad de Concepción
Turun Yliopisto
Aalto-Yliopisto
Ramprasad Rao
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark G. Rawlings
East Asian Observatory
Gemini Observatory North
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Luciano Rezzolla
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Trinity College Dublin
Angelo Ricarte
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Bart Ripperda
Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
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Radboud Universiteit
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Eduardo Ros
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
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Academia Sinica
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University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Alan L. Roy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ignacio Ruiz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chet Ruszczyk
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazi L. J. Rygl
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Salvador Sanchez
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
David Sanchez-Arguelles
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Miguel Sanchez-Portal
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Mahito Sasada
Hiroshima University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Kaushik Satapathy
University of Arizona
Tuomas Savolainen
Aalto-Yliopisto
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
F. Peter Schloerb
University of Massachusetts
Jonathan Schonfeld
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Beijing University of Technology
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Zhiqiang Shen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Yonsei University
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Jason SooHoo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kamal Souccar
University of Massachusetts
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
Texas Tech University at Lubbock
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program
Remo P. J. Tilanus
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
University of Arizona
Radboud Universiteit
Universiteit Leiden
Michael Titus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Pablo Torne
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Efthalia Traianou
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
Sascha Trippe
Seoul National University
Matthew Turk
University of Illinois
Ilse van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Universiteit Leiden
University of New Mexico
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud Universiteit
Jesse Vos
Radboud Universiteit
Jan Wagner
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Derek Ward-Thompson
University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Brandeis University
Jonathan Weintroub
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Norbert Wex
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Robert Wharton
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Maciek Wielgus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kaj Wiik
Turun Yliopisto
Gunther Witzel
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael F. Wondrak
Radboud Universiteit
George N. Wong
Institute for Advanced Study
Princeton University
Qingwen Wu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Paul Yamaguchi
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Doosoo Yoon
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Andre Young
Radboud Universiteit
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ziri Younsi
University College London (UCL)
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Feng Yuan
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ye-Fei Yuan
East Asian Observatory
University of Science and Technology of China
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
J. Anton Zensus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Guang-Yao Zhao
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Shuo Zhang
Bard College
Shan-Shan Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 930 2 L21Ämneskategorier
Sannolikhetsteori och statistik
Datorseende och robotik (autonoma system)
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DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6584